Questões de Inglês - PUC 2007 | Gabarito e resoluções

(PUC-Rio -2007) IN CRISES, PEOPLE TEND TO LIVE, OR DIE, TOGETHER Shankar Vedantam How the disaster starts does not matter: 1It could be a plane crashing into the World Trade Center, 5it could be the sea receding rapidly ahead of an advancing tsunami, it could be smoke billowing through a nightclub. Human beings in New York, Sri Lanka and Rhode Island all do the same thing in such situations. They turn to each other. They talk. 15They hang around, trying to arrive at a 10shared understanding of what is happening. 16When we look back on such events with the benefit of hindsight, this apparent inactivity can be horrifying. Get out now! we want to scream at those people in the upper stories of the South Tower of the World Trade Center, as 6they 11huddle around trying to understand what caused an explosion in the North Tower at 8:46 on a Tuesday morning in September. 17You only have 16 minutes before your exit will be cut off, we want to tell them. Dont try to understand what is happening. Just go. 2Experts who study disasters are slowly coming to realize that rather than try to change human behavior to adapt to building codes and workplace rules, it may be necessary to adapt technology and rules to human behavior. For all the disaster preparations put in place since the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, the behavior of people confronted with ambiguous new information remains one of the most serious challenges for disaster planners. 18Computer models 12assume that people will flow out of a building like water, emptying through every possible exit. But the reality is far different. People talk. They confer. They go back to their desk. They change their mind. They try to exit the building the way they came in, rather than through the nearest door. Building engineers at the World Trade Center had estimated that escaping people would move at a rate of more than three feet per second. On Sept. 11, 2001, said Jason Averill, an engineer at the National Institute for Standards and Technology who studies human behavior during evacuations, people escaped at only one-fitfh that speed. Although the towers were only one-third to one-half full, the stairwells were at capacity, he said. 3Had the buildings been full, Averill said, about 14,000 people would probably have died. That is because the larger the group, the greater the effort and time needed to build a common understanding of the event and a consensus about a course of action, said sociologist Benigno E. Aguirre of the University of Delaware. If a single person in a group does not want to take an alarm seriously, he or she can 13impede the escape of the entire group. The picture of what happened on Sept. 11 is very different from 14conventional assumptions about crowd behavior, in 7which it is assumed that people would push each other out of the way to save their own lives. In actuality, 4human beings in crisis behave more nobly - and 8this could also be their undoing. 19People reach out not only to build a shared understanding of the event but also to help one another. In so doing, they may delay their own escape. This may be why groups often perish or survive together - people are unwilling to escape if someone they know and care about is left behind. This may be why in fire disasters, Aguirre said, entire families often perish. The most important factor for human beings is our affinitive behavior, he said. You love your child and wife and parents; 9that is what makes you human. In conditions of great danger, many people continue to do that. People will go back into the fire to try to rescue loved ones. Adapted from the Washington Post Monday, September 11, 2006; Page A02 Check the ONLY option that indicates the appropriate reference.

(PUC-Rio -2007) IN CRISES, PEOPLE TEND TO LIVE, OR DIE, TOGETHER Shankar Vedantam How the disaster starts does not matter: 1It could be a plane crashing into the World Trade Center, 5it could be the sea receding rapidly ahead of an advancing tsunami, it could be smoke billowing through a nightclub. Human beings in New York, Sri Lanka and Rhode Island all do the same thing in such situations. They turn to each other. They talk. 15They hang around, trying to arrive at a 10shared understanding of what is happening. 16When we look back on such events with the benefit of hindsight, this apparent inactivity can be horrifying. Get out now! we want to scream at those people in the upper stories of the South Tower of the World Trade Center, as 6they 11huddle around trying to understand what caused an explosion in the North Tower at 8:46 on a Tuesday morning in September. 17You only have 16 minutes before your exit will be cut off, we want to tell them. Dont try to understand what is happening. Just go. 2Experts who study disasters are slowly coming to realize that rather than try to change human behavior to adapt to building codes and workplace rules, it may be necessary to adapt technology and rules to human behavior. For all the disaster preparations put in place since the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, the behavior of people confronted with ambiguous new information remains one of the most serious challenges for disaster planners. 18Computer models 12assume that people will flow out of a building like water, emptying through every possible exit. But the reality is far different. People talk. They confer. They go back to their desk. They change their mind. They try to exit the building the way they came in, rather than through the nearest door. Building engineers at the World Trade Center had estimated that escaping people would move at a rate of more than three feet per second. On Sept. 11, 2001, said Jason Averill, an engineer at the National Institute for Standards and Technology who studies human behavior during evacuations, people escaped at only one-fitfh that speed. Although the towers were only one-third to one-half full, the stairwells were at capacity, he said. 3Had the buildings been full, Averill said, about 14,000 people would probably have died. That is because the larger the group, the greater the effort and time needed to build a common understanding of the event and a consensus about a course of action, said sociologist Benigno E. Aguirre of the University of Delaware. If a single person in a group does not want to take an alarm seriously, he or she can 13impede the escape of the entire group. The picture of what happened on Sept. 11 is very different from 14conventional assumptions about crowd behavior, in 7which it is assumed that people would push each other out of the way to save their own lives. In actuality, 4human beings in crisis behave more nobly - and 8this could also be their undoing. 19People reach out not only to build a shared understanding of the event but also to help one another. In so doing, they may delay their own escape. This may be why groups often perish or survive together - people are unwilling to escape if someone they know and care about is left behind. This may be why in fire disasters, Aguirre said, entire families often perish. The most important factor for human beings is our affinitive behavior, he said. You love your child and wife and parents; 9that is what makes you human. In conditions of great danger, many people continue to do that. People will go back into the fire to try to rescue loved ones. Adapted from the Washington Post Monday, September 11, 2006; Page A02 Had the buildings been full,... about 14,000 people would probably have died. (ref. 3) means the same as:

(PUC Minas -2007) THE KITE RUNNER As anyone who has read the best-selling novel The Kite Runner knows, springtime in Kabul is announced by flocks of kites. But these arent the kites of lazy weekend picnics. They are flying machines. The Afghan tendency for competition and gambling means that almost anything offers opportunity for a fight, from dogs to cocks, and even kites. The object of this cruel ballet is to slice your opponents string with yours, sending the defeated paper jewel spiraling to the streets below. Packs of boys too poor to buy their own kites, race for it so that they too can enter the dispute. They are the kite runners. In a country where most success stories are haunted by failure, about the only thing going right these days is the kite making industry. One of the impulsive moves of the Taliban regime, along with the banning of music and the requirement that all men grow beards, was a total prohibition of kite flying. In the first days after the fall of the Taliban in December 2001, men shaved, music was played on car stereos and kites took to the air. For Noor Agha, Kabuls best kite maker, business has been soaring ever since. Agha has been feverishly at work producing hundreds of kites for use in China on the set of the highly anticipated adaptation of Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner. Agha says he treats every kite he is making for the movie as a work of art, marking each with his name and signature scorpion image. Even though few of the kites will be used in competition, he incorporates in their manufacture the techniques he has developed through years of flying and fighting. Making kites is my job, he says. Fighting them is my disease. (Adapted from: Time, February 22, 2007) The Taliban regime

(PUC Minas -2007) THE KITE RUNNER As anyone who has read the best-selling novel The Kite Runner knows, springtime in Kabul is announced by flocks of kites. But these arent the kites of lazy weekend picnics. They are flying machines. The Afghan tendency for competition and gambling means that almost anything offers opportunity for a fight, from dogs to cocks, and even kites. The object of this cruel ballet is to slice your opponents string with yours, sending the defeated paper jewel spiraling to the streets below. Packs of boys too poor to buy their own kites, race for it so that they too can enter the dispute. They are the kite runners. In a country where most success stories are haunted by failure, about the only thing going right these days is the kite making industry. One of the impulsive moves of the Taliban regime, along with the banning of music and the requirement that all men grow beards, was a total prohibition of kite flying. In the first days after the fall of the Taliban in December 2001, men shaved, music was played on car stereos and kites took to the air. For Noor Agha, Kabuls best kite maker, business has been soaring ever since. Agha has been feverishly at work producing hundreds of kites for use in China on the set of the highly anticipated adaptation of Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner. Agha says he treats every kite he is making for the movie as a work of art, marking each with his name and signature scorpion image. Even though few of the kites will be used in competition, he incorporates in their manufacture the techniques he has developed through years of flying and fighting. Making kites is my job, he says. Fighting them is my disease. (Adapted from: Time, February 22, 2007) The fact that Agha has been feverishly at work indicates that

(Pucpr 2007) If he loses election, he __________ from public life.

(Pucpr 2007) We dont know with __________ he was talking on the phone.

(PUC Minas - 2007) THE KITE RUNNER As anyone who has read the best-selling novel The Kite Runner knows, springtime in Kabul is announced by flocks of kites. But these arent the kites of lazy weekend picnics. They are flying machines. The Afghan tendency for competition and gambling means that almost anything offers opportunity for a fight, from dogs to cocks, and even kites. The object of this cruel ballet is to slice your opponents string with yours, sending the defeated paper jewel spiraling to the streets below. Packs of boys too poor to buy their own kites, race for it so that they too can enter the dispute. They are the kite runners. In a country where most success stories are haunted by failure, about the only thing going right these days is the kite making industry. One of the impulsive moves of the Taliban regime, along with the banning of music and the requirement that all men grow beards, was a total prohibition of kite flying. In the first days after the fall of the Taliban in December 2001, men shaved, music was played on car stereos and kites took to the air. For Noor Agha, Kabuls best kite maker, business has been soaring ever since. Agha has been feverishly at work producing hundreds of kites for use in China on the set of the highly anticipated adaptation of Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner. Agha says he treats every kite he is making for the movie as a work of art, marking each with his name and signature scorpion image. Even though few of the kites will be used in competition, he incorporates in their manufacture the techniques he has developed through years of flying and fighting. Making kites is my job, he says. Fighting them is my disease. (Adapted from:Time, February 22, 2007) Kite runners are

(PUC - RS - 2007) COCONUT TREE, COCO PALM A thousand 7years ago, the coconut 8tree did not even exist in Tahiti. 1It was the pioneering Polynesians who 9first brought this 21plant with them in their migrations. A 2tree of 10life in every sense of the 11phrase, its nut 12supplies water, milk and 3edible pulp; its heart is eaten in salads; its 22trunk serves as 23framework for Tahitian 24huts, and its palms are 4woven as 25roofing. 15Then, of course, there is the coconut 16which, when cut in two and dried 18in the sun, produces oil. 5Plait three 6blades of grass and 13dip 19into this oil, 14light... And you have a lamp. A lamp which not 20so very long ago was still used 17throughout the islands. Nouns in English can be divided into countable or uncountable (e.g.: apple X water). In order to indicate some kind of measurement in the case of uncountable nouns, another noun is required (e.g.: glasses or liters of water). Accordingly, the expression below that is equivalent to the structure blades of grass (ref. 6) is

(PUC- PR -2007) The seeds will be eaten by the birds is the passive for:

(PUC-Rio -2007) COMBINING ALCOHOL AND ENERGY DRINK REDUCES THE PERCEPTION OF IMPAIRMENT The combined use of alcohol and energy drinks has become increasingly popular among youth and young adults in recent years. Users often report reduced sleepiness and increased sensations of pleasure. In the April issue of Alcoholism: Clinical Experimental Research, Brazilian researchers conduct the first controlled scientific study on the effects of combining alcohol with those drinks. Results show a considerable disconnect between subjects perceptions and objective measures of their abilities: 13although combined use reduces the sensation of tiredness and sleepiness, actual capabilities are significantly 1impaired. In Brazil, as in other countries, young people believe that energy drinks avoid the sleepiness caused by alcoholic beverages and increase their capacity to dance all night, explained Maria Lucia O. Souza-Formigoni, associate professor in the department of psychobiology at the Federal University of So Paulo in Brazil and corresponding author for the study. In fact, many night clubs offer this mix among their cocktails. In a previous study on the use of energy drinks among Brazilians, Souza-Formigoni said that users reported greater happiness (38%), euphoria (30%), uninhibited behavior (27%), and increased physical vigor (24%). It is unclear; however, if this indicates the ability of energy drinks to reduce the depressant effects, increase the excitatory effects of alcohol, or both. 6This study appears to show us that the use of energy drinks might predispose people to abuse alcohol when its depressant effects - or at least the perception of such effects - are masked by them, said Roseli Boerngen de Lacerda, associate professor in the department of pharmacology at the Universidade Federal do Parana, Brazil. Compared to the ingestion of alcohol alone, the combined 2ingestion of alcohol and energy drinks 3significantly reduced the subjects perception of headache, weakness, dry mouth and impairment of motor coordination. The researched energy drinks did not, however, significantly reduce deficits caused by alcohol on objective measures of motor coordination and visual reaction time. There are two key points, said Souza-Formigoni. Although combined ingestion decreases the sensation of tiredness and sleepiness, objective measures of motor coordination showed that it cannot reduce the 4harmful effects of alcohol on motor coordination. In other words, the person is drunk but does not feel as drunk as he really is. The second important point is that many users reported using energy drinks to reduce a not-so-pleasant taste of alcoholic beverages, which could dangerously increase the amount (as well as the speed of ingestion) of alcoholic beverages. The 8implications of these 9findings, added Boerngen, are that this association of alcohol and energy drinks is harmful rather than beneficial, as believed by consumers. Especially because those 10individuals who combine alcohol and energy 11drinks, believing 7they are less impaired than reality would indicate, are 5actually at an 14increased risk for 12problems such as automobile accidents. 15Alcohol affects not only the motor coordination but also the capacity of decision, 16because it affects one important area of the brain - the prefrontal cortex, explained Souza-Formigoni. Drunk drivers are dangerous not only because their reactions are delayed and motor coordination affected, but mainly because their capacity to evaluate the risks to which they will be exposed is also affected. People need to understand that the sensation of well-being does not necessarily mean that they are unaffected by alcohol. 17Despite how good they may feel, they shouldnt drink and drive. Never. adapted from http://alcoholism.about.com/od/dui/a/blacer060416.htm.Public release date: 26-Mar-2006 The pronoun they (ref. 7) refers to: