Questões de Inglês - PUC 2013 | Gabarito e resoluções

(PUC-Rio - 2013 Vero) Why are we so curious? Cooking is something we all take for granted but a new theory suggests that if we had not learned to cook food, not only would we still look like chimps but, like them, we would also be compelled to spend most [5] of the day chewing. I hate to disappoint you, but whatever your ambitions, whatever your long-term goals, Im pretty sure that reading this column isnt going to further them. It wont stop you feeling hungry. It wont provide [10] any information that might save your life. Its unlikely to make you attractive to the opposite sex. And yet if I were to say that I will teach you a valuable lesson about your inner child, I hope you will want to carry on reading, driven by nothing more than [15] your curiosity to find out a little more. What could be going on in your brain to make you so inquisitive? We humans have a deeply curious nature, and more often than not it is about the minor tittletattle in our lives. Our curiosity has us doing utterly [20] unproductive things like reading news about people we will never meet, learning topics we will never have use for, or exploring places we will never come back to. We just love to know the answers to things, even if theres no obvious benefit. [25] From the perspective of evolution this appears to be something of a mystery. We associate evolution with survival-of-the-fittest traits that support the essentials of day-to-day survival and reproduction. So why did we evolve to waste so much time? Shouldnt [30] evolution have selected for a species which was you know a bit more focussed? Childs play The roots of our peculiar curiosity can be linked to a trait of the human species called neoteny. [35] This is a term from evolutionary theory that means the retention of juvenile characteristics. It means that as a species we are more child-like than other mammals. Being relatively hairless is one physical example. A large brain relative to body size is another. [40] Our lifelong curiosity and playfulness is a behavioural characteristic of neoteny. Neoteny is a short-cut taken by evolution a route that brings about a whole bundle of changes in one go, rather than selecting for them one by one. [45] Evolution, by making us a more juvenile species, has made us weaker than our primate cousins, but it has also given us our childs curiosity, our capacity to learn and our deep sense of attachment to each other. And of course the lifelong capacity to learn is [50] the reason why neoteny has worked so well for our species. Our extended childhood means we can absorb so much more from our environment, including our shared culture. Even in adulthood we can pick up new ways of doing things and new ways of thinking, [55] allowing us to adapt to new circumstances. Exploration bonus In the world of artificial intelligence, computer scientists have explored how behaviour evolves when guided by different learning algorithms. An important [60] result is that even the best learning algorithms fall down if they are not encouraged to explore a little. Without a little something to distract them from what they should be doing, these algorithms get stuck in a rut, relying on the same responses time and time [65] again. Computer scientists have learnt to adjust how these algorithms rate different possible actions with an exploration bonus that is, a reward just for trying something new. Weighted like this, the algorithms then [70] occasionally leave the beaten track to explore. These exploratory actions cost them some opportunities, but leave them better off in the long run because theyve gained knowledge about what they might do, even if it didnt benefit them immediately. [75] The implication for the evolution of our own brain is clear. Curiosity is natures built-in exploration bonus. Were evolved to leave the beaten track, to try things out, to get distracted and generally look like were wasting time. Maybe we are wasting time [80] today, but the learning algorithms in our brain know that something we learnt by chance today will come in useful tomorrow. Obviously it would be best if we knew what we needed to know, and just concentrated on that. [85] Fortunately, in a complex world it is impossible to know what might be useful in the future. And thank goodness otherwise we would have evolved to be a deadly-boring species which never wanted to get lost, never tried things to just see what happened or did [90] things for the hell of it. Evolution made us the ultimate learning machines, and the ultimate learning machines need a healthy dash of curiosity to help us take full advantage of this learning capacity. [95] Or, as Kurt Vonnegut said, We are here on Earth to fart around. Dont let anybody tell you any different. NEUROHACKS 19 June 2012 Why are we so curious? Tom Stafford . Retrieved on July 28, 2012. *os nmeros entre colchetes indicam o nmero das linhas do texto original. The main purpose of the text is

(PUC-Rio - 2013 Vero) Why are we so curious? Cooking is something we all take for granted but a new theory suggests that if we had not learned to cook food, not only would we still look like chimps but, like them, we would also be compelled to spend most [5] of the day chewing. I hate to disappoint you, but whatever your ambitions, whatever your long-term goals, Im pretty sure that reading this column isnt going to further them. It wont stop you feeling hungry. It wont provide [10] any information that might save your life. Its unlikely to make you attractive to the opposite sex. And yet if I were to say that I will teach you a valuable lesson about your inner child, I hope you will want to carry on reading, driven by nothing more than [15] your curiosity to find out a little more. What could be going on in your brain to make you so inquisitive? We humans have a deeply curious nature, and more often than not it is about the minor tittletattle in our lives. Our curiosity has us doing utterly [20] unproductive things like reading news about people we will never meet, learning topics we will never have use for, or exploring places we will never come back to. We just love to know the answers to things, even if theres no obvious benefit. [25] From the perspective of evolution this appears to be something of a mystery. We associate evolution with survival-of-the-fittest traits that support the essentials of day-to-day survival and reproduction. So why did we evolve to waste so much time? Shouldnt [30] evolution have selected for a species which was you know a bit more focussed? Childs play The roots of our peculiar curiosity can be linked to a trait of the human species called neoteny. [35] This is a term from evolutionary theory that means the retention of juvenile characteristics. It means that as a species we are more child-like than other mammals. Being relatively hairless is one physical example. A large brain relative to body size is another. [40] Our lifelong curiosity and playfulness is a behavioural characteristic of neoteny. Neoteny is a short-cut taken by evolution a route that brings about a whole bundle of changes in one go, rather than selecting for them one by one. [45] Evolution, by making us a more juvenile species, has made us weaker than our primate cousins, but it has also given us our childs curiosity, our capacity to learn and our deep sense of attachment to each other. And of course the lifelong capacity to learn is [50] the reason why neoteny has worked so well for our species. Our extended childhood means we can absorb so much more from our environment, including our shared culture. Even in adulthood we can pick up new ways of doing things and new ways of thinking, [55] allowing us to adapt to new circumstances. Exploration bonus In the world of artificial intelligence, computer scientists have explored how behaviour evolves when guided by different learning algorithms. An important [60] result is that even the best learning algorithms fall down if they are not encouraged to explore a little. Without a little something to distract them from what they should be doing, these algorithms get stuck in a rut, relying on the same responses time and time [65] again. Computer scientists have learnt to adjust how these algorithms rate different possible actions with an exploration bonus that is, a reward just for trying something new. Weighted like this, the algorithms then [70] occasionally leave the beaten track to explore. These exploratory actions cost them some opportunities, but leave them better off in the long run because theyve gained knowledge about what they might do, even if it didnt benefit them immediately. [75] The implication for the evolution of our own brain is clear. Curiosity is natures built-in exploration bonus. Were evolved to leave the beaten track, to try things out, to get distracted and generally look like were wasting time. Maybe we are wasting time [80] today, but the learning algorithms in our brain know that something we learnt by chance today will come in useful tomorrow. Obviously it would be best if we knew what we needed to know, and just concentrated on that. [85] Fortunately, in a complex world it is impossible to know what might be useful in the future. And thank goodness otherwise we would have evolved to be a deadly-boring species which never wanted to get lost, never tried things to just see what happened or did [90] things for the hell of it. Evolution made us the ultimate learning machines, and the ultimate learning machines need a healthy dash of curiosity to help us take full advantage of this learning capacity. [95] Or, as Kurt Vonnegut said, We are here on Earth to fart around. Dont let anybody tell you any different. NEUROHACKS 19 June 2012 Why are we so curious? Tom Stafford . Retrieved on July 28, 2012. *os nmeros entre colchetes indicam o nmero das linhas do texto original. In lines 91-94, the author states that Evolution made us the ultimate learningmachines, and the ultimate learning machines need a healthy dash of curiosity to help us take full advantage of this learning capacity, which means that

(PUC-Rio - 2013 Vero) Why are we so curious? Cooking is something we all take for granted but a new theory suggests that if we had not learned to cook food, not only would we still look like chimps but, like them, we would also be compelled to spend most [5] of the day chewing. I hate to disappoint you, but whatever your ambitions, whatever your long-term goals, Im pretty sure that reading this column isnt going to further them. It wont stop you feeling hungry. It wont provide [10] any information that might save your life. Its unlikely to make you attractive to the opposite sex. And yet if I were to say that I will teach you a valuable lesson about your inner child, I hope you will want to carry on reading, driven by nothing more than [15] your curiosity to find out a little more. What could be going on in your brain to make you so inquisitive? We humans have a deeply curious nature, and more often than not it is about the minor tittletattle in our lives. Our curiosity has us doing utterly [20] unproductive things like reading news about people we will never meet, learning topics we will never have use for, or exploring places we will never come back to. We just love to know the answers to things, even if theres no obvious benefit. [25] From the perspective of evolution this appears to be something of a mystery. We associate evolution with survival-of-the-fittest traits that support the essentials of day-to-day survival and reproduction. So why did we evolve to waste so much time? Shouldnt [30] evolution have selected for a species which was you know a bit more focussed? Childs play The roots of our peculiar curiosity can be linked to a trait of the human species called neoteny. [35] This is a term from evolutionary theory that means the retention of juvenile characteristics. It means that as a species we are more child-like than other mammals. Being relatively hairless is one physical example. A large brain relative to body size is another. [40] Our lifelong curiosity and playfulness is a behavioural characteristic of neoteny. Neoteny is a short-cut taken by evolution a route that brings about a whole bundle of changes in one go, rather than selecting for them one by one. [45] Evolution, by making us a more juvenile species, has made us weaker than our primate cousins, but it has also given us our childs curiosity, our capacity to learn and our deep sense of attachment to each other. And of course the lifelong capacity to learn is [50] the reason why neoteny has worked so well for our species. Our extended childhood means we can absorb so much more from our environment, including our shared culture. Even in adulthood we can pick up new ways of doing things and new ways of thinking, [55] allowing us to adapt to new circumstances. Exploration bonus In the world of artificial intelligence, computer scientists have explored how behaviour evolves when guided by different learning algorithms. An important [60] result is that even the best learning algorithms fall down if they are not encouraged to explore a little. Without a little something to distract them from what they should be doing, these algorithms get stuck in a rut, relying on the same responses time and time [65] again. Computer scientists have learnt to adjust how these algorithms rate different possible actions with an exploration bonus that is, a reward just for trying something new. Weighted like this, the algorithms then [70] occasionally leave the beaten track to explore. These exploratory actions cost them some opportunities, but leave them better off in the long run because theyve gained knowledge about what they might do, even if it didnt benefit them immediately. [75] The implication for the evolution of our own brain is clear. Curiosity is natures built-in exploration bonus. Were evolved to leave the beaten track, to try things out, to get distracted and generally look like were wasting time. Maybe we are wasting time [80] today, but the learning algorithms in our brain know that something we learnt by chance today will come in useful tomorrow. Obviously it would be best if we knew what we needed to know, and just concentrated on that. [85] Fortunately, in a complex world it is impossible to know what might be useful in the future. And thank goodness otherwise we would have evolved to be a deadly-boring species which never wanted to get lost, never tried things to just see what happened or did [90] things for the hell of it. Evolution made us the ultimate learning machines, and the ultimate learning machines need a healthy dash of curiosity to help us take full advantage of this learning capacity. [95] Or, as Kurt Vonnegut said, We are here on Earth to fart around. Dont let anybody tell you any different. NEUROHACKS 19 June 2012 Why are we so curious? Tom Stafford . Retrieved on July 28, 2012. *os nmeros entre colchetes indicam o nmero das linhas do texto original. The author defines neoteny as (l. 42)

(PUC-Rio - 2013 Vero) Why are we so curious? Cooking is something we all take for granted but a new theory suggests that if we had not learned to cook food, not only would we still look like chimps but, like them, we would also be compelled to spend most [5] of the day chewing. I hate to disappoint you, but whatever your ambitions, whatever your long-term goals, Im pretty sure that reading this column isnt going to further them. It wont stop you feeling hungry. It wont provide [10] any information that might save your life. Its unlikely to make you attractive to the opposite sex. And yet if I were to say that I will teach you a valuable lesson about your inner child, I hope you will want to carry on reading, driven by nothing more than [15] your curiosity to find out a little more. What could be going on in your brain to make you so inquisitive? We humans have a deeply curious nature, and more often than not it is about the minor tittletattle in our lives. Our curiosity has us doing utterly [20] unproductive things like reading news about people we will never meet, learning topics we will never have use for, or exploring places we will never come back to. We just love to know the answers to things, even if theres no obvious benefit. [25] From the perspective of evolution this appears to be something of a mystery. We associate evolution with survival-of-the-fittest traits that support the essentials of day-to-day survival and reproduction. So why did we evolve to waste so much time? Shouldnt [30] evolution have selected for a species which was you know a bit more focussed? Childs play The roots of our peculiar curiosity can be linked to a trait of the human species called neoteny. [35] This is a term from evolutionary theory that means the retention of juvenile characteristics. It means that as a species we are more child-like than other mammals. Being relatively hairless is one physical example. A large brain relative to body size is another. [40] Our lifelong curiosity and playfulness is a behavioural characteristic of neoteny. Neoteny is a short-cut taken by evolution a route that brings about a whole bundle of changes in one go, rather than selecting for them one by one. [45] Evolution, by making us a more juvenile species, has made us weaker than our primate cousins, but it has also given us our childs curiosity, our capacity to learn and our deep sense of attachment to each other. And of course the lifelong capacity to learn is [50] the reason why neoteny has worked so well for our species. Our extended childhood means we can absorb so much more from our environment, including our shared culture. Even in adulthood we can pick up new ways of doing things and new ways of thinking, [55] allowing us to adapt to new circumstances. Exploration bonus In the world of artificial intelligence, computer scientists have explored how behaviour evolves when guided by different learning algorithms. An important [60] result is that even the best learning algorithms fall down if they are not encouraged to explore a little. Without a little something to distract them from what they should be doing, these algorithms get stuck in a rut, relying on the same responses time and time [65] again. Computer scientists have learnt to adjust how these algorithms rate different possible actions with an exploration bonus that is, a reward just for trying something new. Weighted like this, the algorithms then [70] occasionally leave the beaten track to explore. These exploratory actions cost them some opportunities, but leave them better off in the long run because theyve gained knowledge about what they might do, even if it didnt benefit them immediately. [75] The implication for the evolution of our own brain is clear. Curiosity is natures built-in exploration bonus. Were evolved to leave the beaten track, to try things out, to get distracted and generally look like were wasting time. Maybe we are wasting time [80] today, but the learning algorithms in our brain know that something we learnt by chance today will come in useful tomorrow. Obviously it would be best if we knew what we needed to know, and just concentrated on that. [85] Fortunately, in a complex world it is impossible to know what might be useful in the future. And thank goodness otherwise we would have evolved to be a deadly-boring species which never wanted to get lost, never tried things to just see what happened or did [90] things for the hell of it. Evolution made us the ultimate learning machines, and the ultimate learning machines need a healthy dash of curiosity to help us take full advantage of this learning capacity. [95] Or, as Kurt Vonnegut said, We are here on Earth to fart around. Dont let anybody tell you any different. NEUROHACKS 19 June 2012 Why are we so curious? Tom Stafford . Retrieved on July 28, 2012. *os nmeros entre colchetes indicam o nmero das linhas do texto original. For the author, the kind of exploratory learning that humans do (l. 62-79)

(PUC - RS - 2013) The Power of Train Travel Posted byAnnie Fitzsimmonsin Urban Insider on April 25, 2013 I blame luggage for all my troubles on trains whether Im whizzing down to Washington, D.C. or wending my way through Wallonia. I try to avoid clunking other passengers with my elbow as I navigate [5] tight aisles and haul my wheeled carry on over my head, but its not easy. Despite these challenges, traveling by train is by far my favorite mode of transport especially when Im in Europe. Trains are more civilized there, and more [10] convenient. The extensive network of interconnected tracks makes it a breeze to zip around the continent. On a recent trip to Europe, I boarded a Thalys train in Amsterdam to discover a vibe that was refined and polished, and fellow passengers who were courteous [15] and quiet. As I opened my laptop to take advantage of the free WiFi, a full breakfast was served to me in my Comfort 1 seat. When I arrived relaxed and calm in Brussels two hours later, I didnt want the journey to end. [20] Though there are plenty of low-cost flights available in Europe (which can be good choices forlonger distances), why deal with airport security and extra luggage fees if you dont have to? And you can learn so much about a place on a train by watching the [25] landscape change from the snow-capped mountains in Switzerland to the hills and rivers of Austria. (Adapted from the National Geographic site.) *os nmeros entre colchetes indicam os nmeros das linhas do texto original. The alternative in which the wordsDO NOTfollow the same grammatical pattern as in avoid clunkingother passengers (verb + gerund, lines 03-04) is