Questões de Inglês - PUC 2017 | Gabarito e resoluções

(PUC-Rio - 2017) TEXTO 1 FALCON SOARS INTO SPACE AND LANDS IN THE OCEAN Musks Falcon 9 rocket had just shot 200km up into space and flown almost horizontal to the planet at six times the speed of sound, before falling back to Earth. Then, somehow, it landed like a feather on a robotic barge in the ocean. The Falcon even found time to put an inflatable space habitat into orbit, too. Engines and boosters have been dropping into the big drink from the moment NASA began launching Mercury astronauts into space. Most of those rockets sunk to the bottom of the ocean. Some components of the space shuttle were recovered, of course, and the orbiter itself landed on a runway. But never before Friday has a rocket blasted into space and then returned to make a vertical landing at sea. These are heady times for a new generation of private spaceflight companies. It was only five months ago that Blue Origin launched its New Shepard rocket to space before landing it vertically in West Texas. SpaceX followed suit in December when its larger and more powerful Falcon 9 not only flew to space, but delivered a satellite into orbit and touched down at a landing site along the Florida coast near its launch pad. Now SpaceX has taken the significant step of landing at sea. Thats critical, because its much more fuel efficient for a rocket to touchdown on a ship below the point where it releases its payload into orbit, rather than go all the way back to a landing site near the Florida coast. SpaceX estimates that only one-half of its launches will have enough fuel to fly back to the coast after fulfilling their primary missions. After trying reusability with the space shuttle, which proved far more expensive to refurbish for subsequent flights, NASA has largely given up on reusable spaceflight. Russia, Europe, and other government agencies have too. So it fell to the new space companies, with their ethos of low-cost, to make frequent launches as a means of opening up access to space, in order to push the technology forward. SpaceX and Blue Origin have been the most visible proponents of reusable launch vehicles. But other firms, including XCOR, Masten Space Systems, and Virgin Galactic, are interested too. They do not seek so much to win lucrative government contracts, but to get lots of people and stuff into space, to create a space economy, and to set about the business of colonizing the solar system. This was a really good milestone for the future of spaceflight, Musk said. This is another step to the stars, he added. Despite SpaceXs arresting success on Friday, the job is not yet done. The venerable space shuttle offers a sobering lesson for these new space companies. Whereas NASA said in the 1970s the shuttle would slash the cost of delivering payloads into space to $25 a pound, it ended up costing closer to $25,000 a pound. Its one thing to land a rocket, and its another thing to fly it again without spending a lot of time and money. Musk must prove that his Falcon 9 rocket can be re-flown with modest modifications. After the first SpaceX landing in December, the company performed a static firing test of the vehicle, which went well until one of the nine engines showed thrust fluctuations. That rocket will stand as a monument outside the companys headquarters in Hawthorne, California. Perhaps the Falcon 9 that landed at sea will be flown again. It should fly again, Musk said Friday. SpaceX will try to return the booster back to Cape Canaveral, in Florida, by Sunday. After running a series of tests on the Falcon, the company plans to fire its engines 10 times in a row on the ground. If things look good, it will be qualified for reuse, Musk said. Were hoping to relaunch it on an orbital mission, lets say by June, he added. Initially SpaceX plans to reduce the cost of a Falcon 9 rocket with a reused booster to $43 million per flight, a savings of 30 percent. But this is only the beginning. Musk wants to make nearly all of the Falcon 9 launch system reusable, and he wants to make launches and landings routine. Rapid and complete reusability is really important to make a rocket cost effective, like an airplane, he said. Weve got to ultimately get rockets to that point. A Falcon 9 might fly as many as 100 times before retirement, he added. By Eric Berger Retrieved and adapted from http://arstechnica.com/science/2016/04/like-a-boss-falcon-soars-into-space-and-lands-in-the-ocean/ Access on July 2nd, 2016. Em termos de referncia, correto afirmar que

(PUC - RS 2017/1) London: the city that ate itself London is a city ruled by money. The things that make it special the markets, pubs, high streets and communities are becoming unrecognisable. The city is suffering a form of entropy whereby anything distinctive is converted into property value. Can the capital save itself? London is without question the most popular city for investors, says Gavin Sung of the international property agents Savills. There is a trust factor. It has a strong government, a great legal system, the currency is relatively safe. It has a really nice lifestyle. There are parks, museums and nice houses. Its arts of hedonism are reaching unprecedented levels: its restaurants get better or at least more ambitious and its bars offer cocktails previously unknown to man. In some ways, the city has never been better. It has a buzz. Its population keeps growing and investment keeps pouring in, both signs of its desirability. As its mayor likes to boast: London is to the billionaire as the jungles of Sumatra are to the orangutans. It is their natural habitat. At the same time, to use a commonly heard phrase, the city is eating itself. Most obviously, its provision of housing is failing to keep up with its popularity, with effects on price that breed bizarre reactions at the top end of the market and misery at the bottom. Thousands are being forced to leave London because their local authorities cant find them homes and people on middle incomes cant acquire a place where anyone would want to raise a family. There are also effects beyond housing, although often driven by residential property prices. The spaces for work that are an essential part of the citys economy are being squeezed, its high streets diminished, its pubs and other everyday places closing. It is suffering a form of entropy whereby the distinctive or special is converted into property values. Its essential qualities, which are that it was not polarised on the basis of income, and that its best places were common property, are being eroded. () This would matter less if the city were making new places with the qualities of those now packaged up and commodified if the supply of good stuff _____ expanding but it _____ not. Although the cranes swing, much of the new living zones now _____ created range from the ho-hum to the outright catastrophic. The skyline _____ plundered for profit, but without creating towers to be proud of or making new neighbourhoods with any positive qualities whatsoever. If London is an enormous party, millions of people are on the wrong side of its velvet rope. In the rest of Britain, a common view of London is that it is a parasitic monster or, as Alex Salmond put it, quoting Tony Travers of the London School of Economics: The dark star of the economy, inexorably sucking in resources, people and energy. Nobody quite knows how to control it. Both the SNP and Ukip can be seen as anti-London parties, as expressions of a feeling that national decisions are made in the capital, by the capital, for the capital. Those Scots who want independence are less concerned about being part of the same country as Middlesbrough or Ipswich than they are about London. But these views overlook the extent to which the city is feeding on its own. Adapted from: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jun/28/london-the-city-that-ate-itself-rowan-moore The alternative that presents all the correct forms to fill in the bold paragraph are, respectively,

(PUC - RS - 2017/2) Thrilling Discovery of Seven Earth-sized Planets Orbiting Nearby Star Ian Sample Science editor-published on Wed. 22 Feb 2017 01 A huddle of seven worlds, all close in size to Earth, 02 and perhaps warm enough for water and the life it can 03 sustain, has been spotted around a small, faint star in 04 the constellation of Aquarius. The discovery, which has 05 thrilled astronomers, has raised hopes that the hunt for 06 alien life could start much sooner than previously thought. 07 The next generation of telescopes are due to switch on in 08 the next decade. Astronomers reported what looked like 09 three planets in orbit around Trappist-1, a star they named 10 after the Trappist robotic telescope in the Chilean desert 11 that first caught sight of the alien worlds. The telescope 12 did not see the planets directly, but recorded the shadows 13 they cast as they crossed the face of the star. 14 It is the first time that so many Earth-sized planets have 15 been found in orbit around the same star, an unexpected 16 haul that suggests the Milky Way may be teeming with 17 worlds that, in size and firmness underfoot at least, 18 resemble our own rocky home. Researchers hope to 19 know if there is life on the planets within a decade. Ignas 20 Snellen, an astrophysicist at the Leiden Observatory in the 21 Netherlands, who was not involved in the study, said the 22 findings show that Earth-like planets must be extremely 23 common. This is really something new, he said. When 24 they started this search several years ago, I really thought 25 it was a waste of time.__________________________. 26 Astronomers are now focusing on whether the planets 27 have atmospheres. If they do, they could reveal the first 28 hints of life on the surfaces below. The Hubble telescope 29 could detect methane and water in the alien air, but both 30 can be produced without life. David Charbonneau, a 31 professor of astronomy at Harvard University who was 32 also not involved in the latest study, said a growing 33 number of astronomers were getting excited about what 34 he called the M-dwarf opportunity the study of planets 35 around such faint dwarf stars. Its a fast track approach 36 to looking for life beyond the solar system, he said. Adapted from https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/feb/22/thrilling-discovery-of-seven-earth-sized-planets-discovered-orbiting-trappist-1-star The last sentence of the second paragraph was taken out of the text. The alternative below which presents the right sentence is