Questões de Inglês - UERJ 2018 | Gabarito e resoluções

(Uerj  simulado2018) A ARTE DE ENVELHECER ¹O envelhecimento é sombra que nos acompanha desde a concepção: o feto de seis meses é muito mais velho do que o embrião de cinco dias. Lidar com a inexorabilidade desse processo exige uma habilidade na qual nós somos inigualáveis: a adaptação. Não há animal capaz de criar soluções diante da adversidade como nós, de sobreviver em nichos ecológicos que vão do calor tropical às geleiras do Ártico. Da mesma forma que ensaiamos os primeiros passos por imitação, temos que aprender a ser adolescentes, adultos e a ficar cada vez mais velhos. A adolescência é um fenômeno moderno. ²Nossos ancestrais passavam da infância à vida adulta sem estágios intermediários. Nas comunidades agrárias o menino de sete anos trabalhava na roça e as meninas cuidavam dos afazeres domésticos antes de chegar a essa idade. A figura do adolescente que mora com os pais até os 30 anos, sem abrir mão do direito de reclamar da comida à mesa e da camisa mal passada, surgiu nas sociedades industrializadas depois da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Bem mais cedo, nossos avós tinham filhos para criar. A exaltação da juventude como o período áureo da existência humana é um mito das sociedades ocidentais. Confinar aos jovens a publicidade dos bens de consumo, exaltar a estética, os costumes e os padrões de comportamento característicos dessa faixa etária tem o efeito perverso de insinuar que o declínio começa assim que essa fase se aproxima do fim. A ideia de envelhecer aflige mulheres e homens modernos, muito mais do que afligia nossos antepassados. Sócrates tomou cicuta aos 70 anos, Cícero foi assassinado aos 63, Matusalém sabe-se lá quantos anos teve, mas seus contemporâneos gregos, romanos ou judeus viviam em média 30 anos. No início do século 20, a expectativa de vida ao nascer nos países da Europa mais desenvolvida não passava dos 40 anos. A mortalidade infantil era altíssima; epidemias de peste negra, varíola, malária, febre amarela, gripe e tuberculose dizimavam populações inteiras. Nossos ancestrais viveram num mundo devastado por guerras, enfermidades infecciosas, escravidão, dores sem analgesia e a onipresença da mais temível das criaturas. Que sentido haveria em pensar na velhice quando a probabilidade de morrer jovem era tão alta? Seria como hoje preocupar-nos com a vida aos cem anos de idade, que pouquíssimos conhecerão. ³Os que estão vivos agora têm boa chance de passar dos 80. Se assim for, ⁴é preciso sabedoria para aceitar que nossos atributos se modificam com o passar dos anos. Que nenhuma cirurgia devolverá aos 60 o rosto que tínhamos aos 18, mas que envelhecer não é sinônimo de decadência física para aqueles que se movimentam, não fumam, comem com parcimônia, exercitam a cognição e continuam atentos às transformações do mundo. Considerar a vida um vale de lágrimas no qual submergimos de corpo e alma ao deixar a juventude é torná-la experiência medíocre. Julgar, aos 80 anos, que os melhores foram aqueles dos 15 aos 25 é não levar em conta que a memória é editora autoritária, capaz de suprimir por conta própria as experiências traumáticas e relegar ao esquecimento inseguranças, medos, desilusões afetivas, riscos desnecessários e as burradas que fizemos nessa época. ⁵Nada mais ofensivo para o velho do que dizer que ele tem “cabeça de jovem”. É considerá-lo mais inadequado do que o rapaz de 20 anos que se comporta como criança de dez. Ainda que maldigamos o envelhecimento, é ele que nos traz a aceitação das ambiguidades, das diferenças, do contraditório e abre espaço para uma diversidade de experiências com as quais nem sonhávamos anteriormente.   DRÁUZIO VARELLA Folha de São Paulo, 23/01/2016.         HOW TECHNOLOGY CAN EMPOWER THE ELDERLY   The elderly have often been neglected by technology developers as a focus market. The stereotype is that they are technophobes, or at least slow to pick up new innovations. However, in reality not only are the elderly very capable of using a range of complex modern technologies, they are also very often in need of devices that can ease their lives and empower them in their range of abilities. Let’s look over a few of the best examples out there. It seems that we are currently obsessed with reducing the size of new devices to make them more and more portable. However, according to researchers, most elderly people prefer to spend their time without rushing and stressing and going from one place to the other, as many young people do. Many spend a great deal of time in their homes, which is often referred to as “ageing in place”. Therefore, gadgets designed to support home living can be very useful, especially when they are designed appropriately for the elderly. Some simple examples include TV remote controllers, mobile phones and tablets designed as lightweight and featuring large illuminated buttons. TV audio amplifiers can also be very useful, as well as audiobooks downloaded as MP3s or played on tablets and similar devices directly from a browser or a playlist. The improvements in home alarms and mobile phone security apps for seniors have been noticeable. There are sophisticated gadgets now available which can track activity patterns and create alerts for carers and family or friends when there is an unexpected interrupt in an elderly person’s routine. There are also a good range of wireless alarm systems which can be placed around the home with ease. For those who wander due to conditions such as Alzheimer’s or dementia, GPS Shoes and Smart soles are a great facility. GPS Shoes update information periodically so caregivers can be informed about the location of the user with frequencies ranging up to every 10 minutes. GPS Smart soles allow online tracking of a user’s location through any smartphone, tablet or browser with the login details. A widening range of gadgets are now becoming more user friendly, interesting and empowering for the elderly. Also, a broad range of gadgets are now custom-made for this market group. After all, this is a segment of the population who should be respected and should never be neglected. They brought us into this world, and we will all arrive into this demographic in the end.   psychcentral.com   This text shares its general theme with the one in A arte de envelhecer, de Dráuzio Varella.   The theme addressed in both texts concerns the following issue:      

(Uerj simulado 2018)   HOW TECHNOLOGY CAN EMPOWER THE ELDERLY The elderly have often been neglected by technology developers as a focus market. The stereotype is that they are technophobes, or at least slow to pick up new innovations. However, 1in reality not only are the elderly very capable of using a range of complex modern technologies, they are also very often in need of devices that can ease their lives and empower them in their range of abilities. Let’s look over a few of the best examples out there. It seems that we are currently obsessed with reducing the size of new devices to make them more and more portable. However, according to researchers, most elderly people prefer to spend their time without rushing and stressing and going from one place to the other, as many young people do. Many spend a great deal of time in their homes, which is often referred to as “ageing in place”. Therefore, gadgets designed to support home living can be very useful, especially when they are designed appropriately for the elderly. Some simple examples include TV remote controllers, mobile phones and tablets designed as lightweight and featuring large illuminated buttons. TV audio amplifiers can also be very useful, as well as audiobooks downloaded as MP3s or played on tablets and similar devices directly from a browser or a playlist. The improvements in home alarms and mobile phone security apps for seniors have been noticeable. There are sophisticated gadgets now available which can track activity patterns and create alerts for carers and family or friends when there is an unexpected interrupt in an elderly person’s routine. There are also a good range of wireless alarm systems which can be placed around the home with ease. For those who wander due to conditions such as Alzheimer’s or dementia, GPS Shoes and Smart soles are a great facility. GPS Shoes update information periodically so caregivers can be informed about the location of the user with frequencies ranging up to every 10 minutes. GPS Smart soles allow online tracking of a user’s location through any smartphone, tablet or browser with the login details. A widening range of gadgets are now becoming more user friendly, interesting and empowering for the elderly. Also, a broad range of gadgets are now custom-made for this market group. After all, this is a segment of the population who should be respected and should never be neglected. They brought us into this world, and we will all arrive into this demographic in the end.   psychcentral.com   In the fourth paragraph, it is mentioned that GPS shoes are specially useful for those suffering from conditions such as Alzheimer’s or dementia. One of the reasons for its utility is:  

(Uerj simulado 2018)   HOW TECHNOLOGY CAN EMPOWER THE ELDERLY The elderly have often been neglected by technology developers as a focus market. The stereotype is that they are technophobes, or at least slow to pick up new innovations. However, 1in reality not only are the elderly very capable of using a range of complex modern technologies, they are also very often in need of devices that can ease their lives and empower them in their range of abilities. Let’s look over a few of the best examples out there. It seems that we are currently obsessed with reducing the size of new devices to make them more and more portable. However, according to researchers, most elderly people prefer to spend their time without rushing and stressing and going from one place to the other, as many young people do. Many spend a great deal of time in their homes, which is often referred to as “ageing in place”. Therefore, gadgets designed to support home living can be very useful, especially when they are designed appropriately for the elderly. Some simple examples include TV remote controllers, mobile phones and tablets designed as lightweight and featuring large illuminated buttons. TV audio amplifiers can also be very useful, as well as audiobooks downloaded as MP3s or played on tablets and similar devices directly from a browser or a playlist. The improvements in home alarms and mobile phone security apps for seniors have been noticeable. There are sophisticated gadgets now available which can track activity patterns and create alerts for carers and family or friends when there is an unexpected interrupt in an elderly person’s routine. There are also a good range of wireless alarm systems which can be placed around the home with ease. For those who wander due to conditions such as Alzheimer’s or dementia, GPS Shoes and Smart soles are a great facility. GPS Shoes update information periodically so caregivers can be informed about the location of the user with frequencies ranging up to every 10 minutes. GPS Smart soles allow online tracking of a user’s location through any smartphone, tablet or browser with the login details. A widening range of gadgets are now becoming more user friendly, interesting and empowering for the elderly. Also, a broad range of gadgets are now custom-made for this market group. After all, this is a segment of the population who should be respected and should never be neglected. They brought us into this world, and we will all arrive into this demographic in the end.   psychcentral.com     According to the last paragraph, the elderly is a new market segment to be considered.   In this sense, the main idea behind the technology developed for the elderly is:

(Uerj 2018) O poder criativo da imperfeio J escrevi sobre como nossas teorias cientficas sobre o mundo so aproximaes de uma realidade que podemos compreender apenas em parte. Nossos instrumentos de pesquisa, que tanto ampliam nossa viso de mundo, tm necessariamente limites de preciso. No h dvida de que Galileu, com seu telescpio, viu mais longe do que todos antes dele. Tambm no h dvida de que hoje vemos muito mais longe do que Galileu poderia ter sonhado em 1610. E certamente, em cem anos, nossa viso csmica ter sido ampliada de forma imprevisvel. No avano do conhecimento cientfico, vemos um conceito que tem um papel essencial: simetria. J desde os tempos de Plato, h a noo de que existe uma linguagem secreta da natureza, uma matemtica por trs da ordem que observamos. Plato e, com ele, muitos matemticos at hoje acreditava que os conceitos matemticos existiam em uma espcie de dimenso paralela, acessvel apenas atravs da razo. Nesse caso, os teoremas da matemtica (como o famoso teorema de Pitgoras) existem como verdades absolutas, que a mente humana, ao menos as mais aptas, pode ocasionalmente descobrir. Para os platnicos, a matemtica uma descoberta, e no uma inveno humana. Ao menos no que diz respeito s foras que agem nas partculas fundamentais da matria, a busca por uma teoria final da natureza a encarnao moderna do sonho platnico de um cdigo secreto da natureza. As teorias de unificao, como so chamadas, visam justamente a isso, formular todas as foras como manifestaes de uma nica, com sua simetria abrangendo as demais. Culturalmente, difcil no traar uma linha entre as fs monotestas e a busca por uma unidade da natureza nas cincias. Esse sonho, porm, impossvel de ser realizado. Primeiro, porque nossas teorias so sempre temporrias, passveis de ajustes e revises futuras. No existe uma teoria que possamos dizer final, pois nossas explicaes mudam de acordo com o conhecimento acumulado que temos das coisas. Um sculo atrs, um eltron era algo muito diferente do que hoje. Em cem anos, ser algo muito diferente outra vez. No podemos saber se as foras que conhecemos hoje so as nicas que existem. Segundo, porque nossas teorias e as simetrias que detectamos nos padres regulares da natureza so em geral aproximaes. No existe uma perfeio no mundo, apenas em nossas mentes. De fato, quando analisamos com calma as unificaes da fsica, vemos que so aproximaes que funcionam apenas dentro de certas condies. O que encontramos so assimetrias, imperfeies que surgem desde as descries das propriedades da matria at as das molculas que determinam a vida, as protenas e os cidos nucleicos (RNA e DNA). Por trs da riqueza que vemos nas formas materiais, encontramos a fora criativa das imperfeies. MARCELO GLEISER Adaptado de Folha de So Paulo, 25/08/2013. The texts O poder criativo da imperfeio and Our (im)perfect bodies discuss the concept of perfection, using examples from their respective areas. The sentence that best represents the idea discussed in both texts is:

(UERJ - 2018) Our (Im)perfect bodies Since I write a lot about positive body image, youd think that I am well over the idea that weight should be something that I allow to define my life. Yet, the vestiges of my past life as a woman obsessed with weight still linger. A good example is vacation pictures. If I show you pictures of all the places I have been in my Iife, I can give you minute details about the place itself, the food, the sights and the weather. I can also tell you something else simply by looking at those pictures:1the exact number on the scale I was at that particular time in my life. Sometimes my past catches up with me. I like to think of myself as a recovering weight-a-holic. The fear of being overweight is a constant one of despair at not being personally successful in controlling your own body. What good is being in control of finances, major companies and businesses if youre not in control of your body?! Silly idea, right? And yet that is exactly the unconscious thought many intelligent women have. Feeling satisfied with your appearance makes a tremendous amount of difference in how you present yourself to the world. Some women live their entire lives on their perception of their physical selves.2But Ive been there, done that. The hell with that idea! Personally, I became tired of living my Iife this way. My friend is an art historian who specializes in the Renaissance period. Talking with him recently gave me a perspective on body image. As we walked through the permanent exhibit of Renaissance Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, he pointed out the paintings done of women. The women came in all sizes, all shapes. Some were curvier than others, but all were beautiful. Some had what we refer to as love handles; some had soft, fuller stomachs that had never suffered through crunches in a gym.3Though I had seen them many times, it was actually refreshing to view them in a new light. We are led to believe our self-worth must be a reflection of our looks. So, in essence, if we dont believe we look good, we assume we have no worth! Yet, self-worth should have nothing to do with looks and everything to do with an innate feeling that you really are worth it. You are worth going after your dreams, you are worth being in a good relationship, you are worth living a life that fulfills and nourishes you, and you are certainly worthy of being a successful woman. There is a quote attributed to Michelangelo that Ive always admired. When a friend complimented him on the glorious Sistine Chapel, the great artist, referring to his art in the feminine form, was said to have replied: She is worthy of admiration simply because she exists; perfection and imperfection together. BRISTEN HOUGHTON Adaptado de twitter.com In the last two paragraphs, the author establishes a relationship between the ideas of self-worth and ones looks. This relationship is best expressed in:

(Uerj simulado 2018)  A ARTE DE ENVELHECER                   1O envelhecimento é sombra que nos acompanha desde a concepção: o feto de seis meses é muito mais velho do que o embrião de cinco dias.             Lidar com a inexorabilidade desse processo exige uma habilidade na qual nós somos inigualáveis: a adaptação. Não há animal capaz de criar soluções diante da adversidade como nós, de sobreviver em nichos ecológicos que vão do calor tropical às geleiras do Ártico.             Da mesma forma que ensaiamos os primeiros passos por imitação, temos que aprender a ser adolescentes, adultos e a ficar cada vez mais velhos.             A adolescência é um fenômeno moderno. 2Nossos ancestrais passavam da infância à vida adulta sem estágios intermediários. Nas comunidades agrárias o menino de sete anos trabalhava na roça e as meninas cuidavam dos afazeres domésticos antes de chegar a essa idade.             A figura do adolescente que mora com os pais até os 30 anos, sem abrir mão do direito de reclamar da comida à mesa e da camisa mal passada, surgiu nas sociedades industrializadas depois da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Bem mais cedo, nossos avós tinham filhos para criar.             A exaltação da juventude como o período áureo da existência humana é um mito das sociedades ocidentais. Confinar aos jovens a publicidade dos bens de consumo, exaltar a estética, os costumes e os padrões de comportamento característicos dessa faixa etária tem o efeito perverso de insinuar que o declínio começa assim que essa fase se aproxima do fim.             A ideia de envelhecer aflige mulheres e homens modernos, muito mais do que afligia nossos antepassados. Sócrates tomou cicuta aos 70 anos, Cícero foi assassinado aos 63, Matusalém sabe-se lá quantos anos teve, mas seus contemporâneos gregos, romanos ou judeus viviam em média 30 anos. No início do século 20, a expectativa de vida ao nascer nos países da Europa mais desenvolvida não passava dos 40 anos.             A mortalidade infantil era altíssima; epidemias de peste negra, varíola, malária, febre amarela, gripe e tuberculose dizimavam populações inteiras. Nossos ancestrais viveram num mundo devastado por guerras, enfermidades infecciosas, escravidão, dores sem analgesia e a onipresença da mais temível das criaturas. Que sentido haveria em pensar na velhice quando a probabilidade de morrer jovem era tão alta? Seria como hoje preocupar-nos com a vida aos cem anos de idade, que pouquíssimos conhecerão.             3Os que estão vivos agora têm boa chance de passar dos 80. Se assim for, 4é preciso sabedoria para aceitar que nossos atributos se modificam com o passar dos anos. Que nenhuma cirurgia devolverá aos 60 o rosto que tínhamos aos 18, mas que envelhecer não é sinônimo de decadência física para aqueles que se movimentam, não fumam, comem com parcimônia, exercitam a cognição e continuam atentos às transformações do mundo.             Considerar a vida um vale de lágrimas no qual submergimos de corpo e alma ao deixar a juventude é torná-la experiência medíocre. Julgar, aos 80 anos, que os melhores foram aqueles dos 15 aos 25 é não levar em conta que a memória é editora autoritária, capaz de suprimir por conta própria as experiências traumáticas e relegar ao esquecimento inseguranças, medos, desilusões afetivas, riscos desnecessários e as burradas que fizemos nessa época.             5Nada mais ofensivo para o velho do que dizer que ele tem “cabeça de jovem”. É considerá-lo mais inadequado do que o rapaz de 20 anos que se comporta como criança de dez.             Ainda que maldigamos o envelhecimento, é ele que nos traz a aceitação das ambiguidades, das diferenças, do contraditório e abre espaço para uma diversidade de experiências com as quais nem sonhávamos anteriormente.   DRÁUZIO VARELLA   HOW TECHNOLOGY CAN EMPOWER THE ELDERLY               The elderly have often been neglected by technology developers as a focus market. The stereotype is that they are technophobes, or at least slow to pick up new innovations. However, in reality not only are the elderly very capable of using a range of complex modern technologies, they are also very often in need of devices that can ease their lives and empower them in their range of abilities. Let’s look over a few of the best examples out there.               It seems that we are currently obsessed with reducing the size of new devices to make them more and more portable. However, according to researchers, most elderly people prefer to spend their time without rushing and stressing and going from one place to the other, as many young people do. Many spend a great deal of time in their homes, which is often referred to as “ageing in place”. Therefore, gadgets designed to support home living can be very useful, especially when they are designed appropriately for the elderly. Some simple examples include TV remote controllers, mobile phones and tablets designed as lightweight and featuring large illuminated buttons. TV audio amplifiers can also be very useful, as well as audiobooks downloaded as MP3s or played on tablets and similar devices directly from a browser or a playlist.               The improvements in home alarms and mobile phone security apps for seniors have been noticeable. There are sophisticated gadgets now available which can track activity patterns and create alerts for carers and family or friends when there is an unexpected interrupt in an elderly person’s routine. There are also a good range of wireless alarm systems which can be placed around the home with ease.               For those who wander due to conditions such as Alzheimer’s or dementia, GPS Shoes and Smart soles are a great facility. GPS Shoes update information periodically so caregivers can be informed about the location of the user with frequencies ranging up to every 10 minutes. GPS Smart soles allow online tracking of a user’s location through any smartphone, tablet or browser with the login details.             A widening range of gadgets are now becoming more user friendly, interesting and empowering for the elderly. Also, a broad range of gadgets are now custom-made for this market group. After all, this is a segment of the population who should be respected and should never be neglected. They brought us into this world, and we will all arrive into this demographic in the end.   psychcentral.com     This text shares its general theme with the one in A arte de envelhecer, de Dráuzio Varella.   The theme addressed in both texts concerns the following issue   Folha de São Paulo, 23/01/2016

(Uerj simulado 2018)  HOW TECHNOLOGY CAN EMPOWER THE ELDERLY               The elderly have often been neglected by technology developers as a focus market. The stereotype is that they are technophobes, or at least slow to pick up new innovations. However, 1in reality not only are the elderly very capable of using a range of complex modern technologies, they are also very often in need of devices that can ease their lives and empower them in their range of abilities. Let’s look over a few of the best examples out there.               It seems that we are currently obsessed with reducing the size of new devices to make them more and more portable. However, according to researchers, most elderly people prefer to spend their time without rushing and stressing and going from one place to the other, as many young people do. Many spend a great deal of time in their homes, which is often referred to as “ageing in place”. Therefore, gadgets designed to support home living can be very useful, especially when they are designed appropriately for the elderly. Some simple examples include TV remote controllers, mobile phones and tablets designed as lightweight and featuring large illuminated buttons. TV audio amplifiers can also be very useful, as well as audiobooks downloaded as MP3s or played on tablets and similar devices directly from a browser or a playlist.               The improvements in home alarms and mobile phone security apps for seniors have been noticeable. There are sophisticated gadgets now available which can track activity patterns and create alerts for carers and family or friends when there is an unexpected interrupt in an elderly person’s routine. There are also a good range of wireless alarm systems which can be placed around the home with ease.               For those who wander due to conditions such as Alzheimer’s or dementia, GPS Shoes and Smart soles are a great facility. GPS Shoes update information periodically so caregivers can be informed about the location of the user with frequencies ranging up to every 10 minutes. GPS Smart soles allow online tracking of a user’s location through any smartphone, tablet or browser with the login details.             A widening range of gadgets are now becoming more user friendly, interesting and empowering for the elderly. Also, a broad range of gadgets are now custom-made for this market group. After all, this is a segment of the population who should be respected and should never be neglected. They brought us into this world, and we will all arrive into this demographic in the end.   psychcentral.com In the fourth paragraph, it is mentioned that GPS shoes are specially useful for those suffering from conditions such as Alzheimer’s or dementia. One of the reasons for its utility is:

(Uerj simulado 2018)  HOW TECHNOLOGY CAN EMPOWER THE ELDERLY               The elderly have often been neglected by technology developers as a focus market. The stereotype is that they are technophobes, or at least slow to pick up new innovations. However, 1in reality not only are the elderly very capable of using a range of complex modern technologies, they are also very often in need of devices that can ease their lives and empower them in their range of abilities. Let’s look over a few of the best examples out there.               It seems that we are currently obsessed with reducing the size of new devices to make them more and more portable. However, according to researchers, most elderly people prefer to spend their time without rushing and stressing and going from one place to the other, as many young people do. Many spend a great deal of time in their homes, which is often referred to as “ageing in place”. Therefore, gadgets designed to support home living can be very useful, especially when they are designed appropriately for the elderly. Some simple examples include TV remote controllers, mobile phones and tablets designed as lightweight and featuring large illuminated buttons. TV audio amplifiers can also be very useful, as well as audiobooks downloaded as MP3s or played on tablets and similar devices directly from a browser or a playlist.               The improvements in home alarms and mobile phone security apps for seniors have been noticeable. There are sophisticated gadgets now available which can track activity patterns and create alerts for carers and family or friends when there is an unexpected interrupt in an elderly person’s routine. There are also a good range of wireless alarm systems which can be placed around the home with ease.               For those who wander due to conditions such as Alzheimer’s or dementia, GPS Shoes and Smart soles are a great facility. GPS Shoes update information periodically so caregivers can be informed about the location of the user with frequencies ranging up to every 10 minutes. GPS Smart soles allow online tracking of a user’s location through any smartphone, tablet or browser with the login details.             A widening range of gadgets are now becoming more user friendly, interesting and empowering for the elderly. Also, a broad range of gadgets are now custom-made for this market group. After all, this is a segment of the population who should be respected and should never be neglected. They brought us into this world, and we will all arrive into this demographic in the end.   psychcentral.com According to the last paragraph, the elderly is a new market segment to be considered. In this sense, the main idea behind the technology developed for the elderly is:

(Uerj 2018) Our (Im)perfect bodies   Since I write a lot about positive body image, you’d think that I am well over the idea that weight should be something that I allow to define my life. Yet, the vestiges of my past life as a woman obsessed with weight still linger. A good example is vacation pictures. If I show you pictures of all the places I have been in my Iife, I can give you minute details about the place itself, the food, the sights and the weather. I can also tell you something else simply by looking at those pictures: 1the exact number on the scale I was at that particular time in my life. Sometimes my past catches up with me. I like to think of myself as a recovering weight-a-holic. The fear of being overweight is a constant one of despair at not being personally successful in controlling your own body. What good is being in control of finances, major companies and businesses if you’re not in control of your body?! Silly idea, right? And yet that is exactly the unconscious thought many intelligent women have. Feeling satisfied with your appearance makes a tremendous amount of difference in how you present yourself to the world. Some women live their entire lives on their perception of their physical selves. 2But I’ve been there, done that. The hell with that idea! Personally, I became tired of living my Iife this way. My friend is an art historian who specializes in the Renaissance period. Talking with him recently gave me a perspective on body image. As we walked through the permanent exhibit of Renaissance Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, he pointed out the paintings done of women. The women came in all sizes, all shapes. Some were curvier than others, but all were beautiful. Some had what we refer to as love handles; some had soft, fuller stomachs that had never suffered through crunches in a gym. 3Though I had seen them many times, it was actually refreshing to view them in a new light. We are led to believe our self-worth must be a reflection of our looks. So, in essence, if we don’t believe we look good, we assume we have no worth! Yet, self-worth should have nothing to do with looks and everything to do with an innate feeling that you really are worth it. You are worth going after your dreams, you are worth being in a good relationship, you are worth living a life that fulfills and nourishes you, and you are certainly worthy of being a successful woman. There is a quote attributed to Michelangelo that I’ve always admired. When a friend complimented him on the glorious Sistine Chapel, the great artist, referring to his art in the feminine form, was said to have replied: “She is worthy of admiration simply because she exists; perfection and imperfection together”.   BRISTEN HOUGHTON Adaptado de twitter.com O poder criativo da imperfeição   Já escrevi sobre como nossas teorias científicas sobre o mundo são aproximações de uma realidade que podemos compreender apenas em parte. Nossos instrumentos de pesquisa, que tanto ampliam nossa visão de mundo, têm necessariamente limites de precisão. Não há dúvida de que Galileu, com seu telescópio, viu mais longe do que todos antes dele. Também não há dúvida de que hoje vemos muito mais longe do que Galileu poderia ter sonhado em 1610. E certamente, em cem anos, nossa visão cósmica terá sido ampliada de forma imprevisível. No avanço do conhecimento científico, vemos um conceito que tem um papel essencial: simetria. Já desde os tempos de Platão, há a noção de que existe uma linguagem secreta da natureza, uma matemática por trás da ordem que observamos. Platão – e, com ele, muitos matemáticos até hoje – acreditava que os conceitos matemáticos existiam em uma espécie de dimensão paralela, acessível apenas através da razão. Nesse caso, os teoremas da matemática (como o famoso teorema de Pitágoras) existem como verdades absolutas, que a mente humana, ao menos as mais aptas, pode ocasionalmente descobrir. Para os platônicos, a matemática é uma descoberta, e não uma invenção humana. Ao menos no que diz respeito às forças que agem nas partículas fundamentais da matéria, a busca por uma teoria final da natureza é a encarnação moderna do sonho platônico de um código secreto da natureza. As teorias de unificação, como são chamadas, visam justamente a isso, formular todas as forças como manifestações de uma única, com sua simetria abrangendo as demais. Culturalmente, é difícil não traçar uma linha entre as fés monoteístas e a busca por uma unidade da natureza nas ciências. Esse sonho, porém, é impossível de ser realizado. Primeiro, porque nossas teorias são sempre temporárias, passíveis de ajustes e revisões futuras. Não existe uma teoria que possamos dizer final, pois nossas explicações mudam de acordo com o conhecimento acumulado que temos das coisas. Um século atrás, um elétron era algo muito diferente do que é hoje. Em cem anos, será algo muito diferente outra vez. Não podemos saber se as forças que conhecemos hoje são as únicas que existem. Segundo, porque nossas teorias e as simetrias que detectamos nos padrões regulares da natureza são em geral aproximações. Não existe uma perfeição no mundo, apenas em nossas mentes. De fato, quando analisamos com calma as “unificações” da física, vemos que são aproximações que funcionam apenas dentro de certas condições. O que encontramos são assimetrias, imperfeições que surgem desde as descrições das propriedades da matéria até as das moléculas que determinam a vida, as proteínas e os ácidos nucleicos (RNA e DNA). Por trás da riqueza que vemos nas formas materiais, encontramos a força criativa das imperfeições.   MARCELO GLEISER Adaptado de Folha de São Paulo, 25/08/2013.     The texts “O poder criativo da imperfeição” and “Our (im)perfect bodies” discuss the concept of perfection, using examples from their respective areas. The sentence that best represents the idea discussed in both texts is:

(UERJ - 2018) Our (Im)perfect bodies Since I write a lot about positive body image, youd think that I am well over the idea that weight should be something that I allow to define my life. Yet, the vestiges of my past life as a woman obsessed with weight still linger. A good example is vacation pictures. If I show you pictures of all the places I have been in my Iife, I can give you minute details about the place itself, the food, the sights and the weather. I can also tell you something else simply by looking at those pictures:1the exact number on the scale I was at that particular time in my life. Sometimes my past catches up with me. I like to think of myself as a recovering weight-a-holic. The fear of being overweight is a constant one of despair at not being personally successful in controlling your own body. What good is being in control of finances, major companies and businesses if youre not in control of your body?! Silly idea, right? And yet that is exactly the unconscious thought many intelligent women have. Feeling satisfied with your appearance makes a tremendous amount of difference in how you present yourself to the world. Some women live their entire lives on their perception of their physical selves.2But Ive been there, done that. The hell with that idea! Personally, I became tired of living my Iife this way. My friend is an art historian who specializes in the Renaissance period. Talking with him recently gave me a perspective on body image. As we walked through the permanent exhibit of Renaissance Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, he pointed out the paintings done of women. The women came in all sizes, all shapes. Some were curvier than others, but all were beautiful. Some had what we refer to as love handles; some had soft, fuller stomachs that had never suffered through crunches in a gym.3Though I had seen them many times, it was actually refreshing to view them in a new light. We are led to believe our self-worth must be a reflection of our looks. So, in essence, if we dont believe we look good, we assume we have no worth! Yet, self-worth should have nothing to do with looks and everything to do with an innate feeling that you really are worth it. You are worth going after your dreams, you are worth being in a good relationship, you are worth living a life that fulfills and nourishes you, and you are certainly worthy of being a successful woman. There is a quote attributed to Michelangelo that Ive always admired. When a friend complimented him on the glorious Sistine Chapel, the great artist, referring to his art in the feminine form, was said to have replied: She is worthy of admiration simply because she exists; perfection and imperfection together. BRISTEN HOUGHTON Adaptado de twitter.com Though Ihad seenthem many times (ref. 3) The typical use of the underlined verb form signals the following aspect of this action:

(UERJ - 2018) Recent Human Adaptations Human populations live in an extraordinary variety of different habitats: hot and cold, wet and dry; in forests, grasslands and tundra. Different human groups feed on a wide variety of food sources. For many populations, diets shifted further with the development of agriculture in the past 10,000 years. To what extent have these and other factors led to genetic adaptation? Human populations differ in various phenotypes observable characteristics that result from interactions between genes and the environment , but scientific studies have shown that phenotypic differences have a genetic basis and are adaptive. For example, mammals that live in cold climates tend to have larger, rounder bodies and shorter limbs than members of the same or closely related species in warm climates. These patterns do appear to also hold in humans, implying that population movements into colder climates were accompanied by adaptation to larger, stockier body shape, presumably to improve thermal efficiency. At the other end of the spectrum is the pygmy phenotype that has evolved in rainforest populations in Africa, South-East Asia and South America. Research has suggested that this phenotype may be an adaptation to food limitations, high humidity or denseforest undergrowth. Another impressive example of adaptation is provided by human populations living at high altitude, especially in the Himalayas and the Andes. Compared to related lowland populations, these highelevation populations show a group of physiological adaptations to low oxygen. These adaptations include markedly increased blood flow and oxygen delivery to the uterus during pregnancy, substantially reducing the risk of babies with low birthweight. Current evidence suggests that these differences are not simply the result of recent acclimation, but are at least partly genetic. If this is the case, then the adaptation must have occurred rapidly, because these high altitude regions were settled within the last 10,000 years. Skin pigmentation is perhaps the phenotype that varies most obviously among human populations. Dark pigmentation is strongly associated with tropical climates, and the spread of prehistoric humans into northern latitudes was accompanied by a shift to lighter skin color. We now know of at least half a dozen different genes that affect skin, hair or eye pigmentation. In particular, the evolution of light skin color occurred largely in parallel in western Eurasia and east Asia, but we still know few of the relevant genes in east Asia. Adaptation to lighter pigmentation may have been motivated by a need to increase UV absorption for vitamin D synthesis at high latitudes or by sexual selection.These are only a few cases of genetic adaptation. There are surely some perhaps many other factors 1yet to be found. sciencedirect.com factors yet to be found. (ref. 1) The expressionyet to be foundis used to represent an action which: