Questões de Inglês - UERJ 2020 | Gabarito e resoluções

(UERJ - 2020) THE POWER OF METAPHORS Imagine your city isnt as safe as it used to be. Robberies are on the rise, home invasions are increasing and murder rates have nearly doubled in the past three years. What should city officials do about it? Hire more cops to round up the thugs and lock them away in a growing network of prisons? Or design programs that promise more peace by addressing issues like a faltering economy and underperforming schools? Your answer and the reasoning behind it can hinge on the metaphor being used to describe the problem, according to new research by Stanford psychologists. Your thinking can even be swayed with just one word, they say. Psychology Assistant Professor Lera Boroditsky and doctoral candidate Paul Thibodeau were curious about how subtle cues and common figures of speech can frame approaches to difficult problems. Some estimates suggest that one out of every 25 words we encounter is a metaphor, said Thibodeau, the studys lead author. But we didnt know the extent to which these metaphors influence people. In five experiments, test subjects were asked to read short paragraphs about rising crime rates in the fictional city of Addison and answer questions about the city. The researchers gauged how people answered these questions in light of how crime was described as a beast or a virus. They found the test subjects proposed solutions differed a great deal depending on the metaphor they were exposed to. The results have shown that people will likely support an increase in police forces and jailing of offenders if crime is described as a beast preying on a community. But if people are told crime is a virus infecting a city, they are more inclined to treat the problem with social reform. According to Boroditsky: People like to think theyre objective. They want to believe theyre logical. But theyre really being swayed by metaphors. To get a sense of how much the metaphor really mattered, the researchers also examined what role political persuasions play in peoples approach to reducing crime. They suspected that Republicans would be more inclined to catch and incarcerate criminals than Democrats, who would prefer enacting social reforms. They found Republicans were about 10 percent more likely to suggest an enforcement-based solution. To get a sense of how much the metaphor really mattered, the researchers also examined what role political persuasions play in peoples approach to reducing crime. They suspected that Republicans would be more inclined to catch and incarcerate criminals than Democrats, who would prefer enacting social reforms. They found Republicans were about 10 percent more likely to suggest an enforcement-based solution. Adaptado de news.stanford.edu. we didnt know the extent to which these metaphors influence people. In the fragment above, the doubt expressed by the researcher can be formulated by the following question:

(UERJ - 2020) THE POWER OF METAPHORS Imagine your city isnt as safe as it used to be. Robberies are on the rise, home invasions are increasing and murder rates have nearly doubled in the past three years. What should city officials do about it? Hire more cops to round up the thugs and lock them away in a growing network of prisons? Or design programs that promise more peace by addressing issues like a faltering economy and underperforming schools? Your answer and the reasoning behind it can hinge on the metaphor being used to describe the problem, according to new research by Stanford psychologists. Your thinking can even be swayed with just one word, they say. Psychology Assistant Professor Lera Boroditsky and doctoral candidate Paul Thibodeau were curious about how subtle cues and common figures of speech can frame approaches to difficult problems. Some estimates suggest that one out of every 25 words we encounter is a metaphor, said Thibodeau, the studys lead author. But 1we didnt know the extent to which these metaphors influence people. In five experiments, 2test subjects were asked to read short paragraphs about rising crime rates in the fictional city of Addison and answer questions about the city. The researchers gauged how people answered these questions in light of how crime was described as a beast or a virus. They found the test subjects proposed solutions differed a great deal depending on the metaphor they were exposed to. The results have shown that people will likely support an increase in police forces and jailing of offenders if crime is described as a beast preying on a community. But if people are told crime is a virus infecting a city, they are more inclined to treat the problem with social reform. According to Boroditsky: People like to think theyre objective. They want to believe theyre logical. But theyre really being swayed by metaphors. To get a sense of how much the metaphor really mattered, the researchers also examined what role political persuasions play in peoples approach to reducing crime. They suspected that Republicans would be more inclined to catch and incarcerate criminals than Democrats, who would prefer enacting social reforms. They found Republicans were about 10 percent more likely to suggest an enforcement-based solution. We cant talk about any complex situation like crime without using metaphors, said Boroditsky. 3Metaphors arent just used for flowery speech. They shape the conversation for things were trying to explain and figure out. And they have consequences for determining what we decide is the right approach to solving problems. While their research focused on attitudes about crime, their findings can be used to understand the implications of how a casual or calculated turn of phrase can influence debates and change minds. Adaptado de news.stanford.edu. Metaphors arent just used for flowery speech. They shape the conversation for things were trying to explain and figure out.(ref. 3) In order to clarify the meaning relation between the two sentences above, the following word can be inserted in the underlined one:

(UERJ - 2020) THE FLAT EARTH CRUISE: SERIOUSLY, PEOPLE? Organizers of an annual conference that brings together people who believe that our planet is not round are planning a cruise to the supposed edge of the Earth. Theyre looking for the ice wall that holds back the oceans. The journey will take place in 2020, the Flat Earth International Conference (FEIC) recently announced on its website. The goal? To test so-called flat-Earthers assertion that the Earth is a flattened disk surrounded at its edge by a towering wall of ice. Details about the event, including the dates, are forthcoming, according to the FEIC, which calls the cruise the biggest, boldest adventure yet. However, its worth noting that nautical maps and navigation technologies such as global positioning systems (GPS) work as they do because the Earth is a globe. Believers in a flat Earth argue that images showing a curved horizon are fake and that photos of a round Earth from space are part of a vast conspiracy perpetrated by NASA and other space agencies to hide Earths flatness. This likely began during the cold war, the Flat Earth Society (FES) says. The U.S.S.R. and U.S.A. were obsessed with beating each other into space to the point that each faked their accomplishments in an attempt to keep pace with the others supposed achievements. These and other flat-Earth assertions appear on the website of the FES, allegedly the worlds oldest official flat Earth organization, dating to the early 1800s. However, the ancient Greeks demonstrated that Earth was a sphere more than 2.000 years ago, and the gravity that keeps everything on the planet from flying off into space could exist only on a spherical world. But in diagrams shared on the FES website, the planet appears as a pancake-like disk with the North Pole smacked in the center and an edge surrounded on all sides by an ice wall that holds the oceans back. This ice wall thought by some flat-Earthers to be Antarctica is the destination of the promised FEIC cruise. Theres just one catch: navigational charts and systems that guide cruise ships and other vessels around the Earths oceans are all based on the principle of a round Earth, says Henk Keijer, a former cruise ship captain with 23 years of experience. GPS relies on a network of dozens of satellites orbiting thousands of miles above Earth; signals from the satellites beam down to the receiver inside of a GPS device, and at least three satellites are required to pinpoint a precise position because of Earths curvature, Keijer explained. Had the Earth been flat, a total of three satellites would have been enough to provide this information to everyone on Earth. He adds: But it is not enough, because the Earth is round. Whether or not, the FEIC cruise will rely on GPS or deploy an entirely new flat-Earth-based navigation system for finding the end of the world remains to be seen. Adaptado de livescience.com, 30/05/2017. Had the Earth been flat, a total of three satellites would have been enough to provide this information. In relation to the rest of the statement, the underlined fragment has the objective of: