Questões de Inglês - UERJ | Gabarito e resoluções

(UERJ - 2020) THE POWER OF METAPHORS Imagine your city isnt as safe as it used to be. Robberies are on the rise, home invasions are increasing and murder rates have nearly doubled in the past three years. What should city officials do about it? Hire more cops to round up the thugs and lock them away in a growing network of prisons? Or design programs that promise more peace by addressing issues like a faltering economy and underperforming schools? Your answer and the reasoning behind it can hinge on the metaphor being used to describe the problem, according to new research by Stanford psychologists. Your thinking can even be swayed with just one word, they say. Psychology Assistant Professor Lera Boroditsky and doctoral candidate Paul Thibodeau were curious about how subtle cues and common figures of speech can frame approaches to difficult problems. Some estimates suggest that one out of every 25 words we encounter is a metaphor, said Thibodeau, the studys lead author. But we didnt know the extent to which these metaphors influence people. In five experiments, test subjects were asked to read short paragraphs about rising crime rates in the fictional city of Addison and answer questions about the city. The researchers gauged how people answered these questions in light of how crime was described as a beast or a virus. They found the test subjects proposed solutions differed a great deal depending on the metaphor they were exposed to. The results have shown that people will likely support an increase in police forces and jailing of offenders if crime is described as a beast preying on a community. But if people are told crime is a virus infecting a city, they are more inclined to treat the problem with social reform. According to Boroditsky: People like to think theyre objective. They want to believe theyre logical. But theyre really being swayed by metaphors. To get a sense of how much the metaphor really mattered, the researchers also examined what role political persuasions play in peoples approach to reducing crime. They suspected that Republicans would be more inclined to catch and incarcerate criminals than Democrats, who would prefer enacting social reforms. They found Republicans were about 10 percent more likely to suggest an enforcement-based solution. To get a sense of how much the metaphor really mattered, the researchers also examined what role political persuasions play in peoples approach to reducing crime. They suspected that Republicans would be more inclined to catch and incarcerate criminals than Democrats, who would prefer enacting social reforms. They found Republicans were about 10 percent more likely to suggest an enforcement-based solution. Adaptado de news.stanford.edu. we didnt know the extent to which these metaphors influence people. In the fragment above, the doubt expressed by the researcher can be formulated by the following question:

(UERJ - 2020) THE FLAT EARTH CRUISE: SERIOUSLY, PEOPLE? Organizers of an annual conference that brings together people who believe that our planet is not round are planning a cruise to the supposed edge of the Earth. Theyre looking for the ice wall that holds back the oceans. The journey will take place in 2020, the Flat Earth International Conference (FEIC) recently announced on its website. The goal? To test so-called flat-Earthers assertion that the Earth is a flattened disk surrounded at its edge by a towering wall of ice. Details about the event, including the dates, are forthcoming, according to the FEIC, which calls the cruise the biggest, boldest adventure yet. However, its worth noting that nautical maps and navigation technologies such as global positioning systems (GPS) work as they do because the Earth is a globe. Believers in a flat Earth argue that images showing a curved horizon are fake and that photos of a round Earth from space are part of a vast conspiracy perpetrated by NASA and other space agencies to hide Earths flatness. This likely began during the cold war, the Flat Earth Society (FES) says. The U.S.S.R. and U.S.A. were obsessed with beating each other into space to the point that each faked their accomplishments in an attempt to keep pace with the others supposed achievements. These and other flat-Earth assertions appear on the website of the FES, allegedly the worlds oldest official flat Earth organization, dating to the early 1800s. However, the ancient Greeks demonstrated that Earth was a sphere more than 2.000 years ago, and the gravity that keeps everything on the planet from flying off into space could exist only on a spherical world. But in diagrams shared on the FES website, the planet appears as a pancake-like disk with the North Pole smacked in the center and an edge surrounded on all sides by an ice wall that holds the oceans back. This ice wall thought by some flat-Earthers to be Antarctica is the destination of the promised FEIC cruise. Theres just one catch: navigational charts and systems that guide cruise ships and other vessels around the Earths oceans are all based on the principle of a round Earth, says Henk Keijer, a former cruise ship captain with 23 years of experience. GPS relies on a network of dozens of satellites orbiting thousands of miles above Earth; signals from the satellites beam down to the receiver inside of a GPS device, and at least three satellites are required to pinpoint a precise position because of Earths curvature, Keijer explained. Had the Earth been flat, a total of three satellites would have been enough to provide this information to everyone on Earth. He adds: But it is not enough, because the Earth is round. Whether or not, the FEIC cruise will rely on GPS or deploy an entirely new flat-Earth-based navigation system for finding the end of the world remains to be seen. Adaptado de livescience.com, 30/05/2017. Had the Earth been flat, a total of three satellites would have been enough to provide this information. In relation to the rest of the statement, the underlined fragment has the objective of:

(UERJ - 2020) THE POWER OF METAPHORS Imagine your city isnt as safe as it used to be. Robberies are on the rise, home invasions are increasing and murder rates have nearly doubled in the past three years. What should city officials do about it? Hire more cops to round up the thugs and lock them away in a growing network of prisons? Or design programs that promise more peace by addressing issues like a faltering economy and underperforming schools? Your answer and the reasoning behind it can hinge on the metaphor being used to describe the problem, according to new research by Stanford psychologists. Your thinking can even be swayed with just one word, they say. Psychology Assistant Professor Lera Boroditsky and doctoral candidate Paul Thibodeau were curious about how subtle cues and common figures of speech can frame approaches to difficult problems. Some estimates suggest that one out of every 25 words we encounter is a metaphor, said Thibodeau, the studys lead author. But 1we didnt know the extent to which these metaphors influence people. In five experiments, 2test subjects were asked to read short paragraphs about rising crime rates in the fictional city of Addison and answer questions about the city. The researchers gauged how people answered these questions in light of how crime was described as a beast or a virus. They found the test subjects proposed solutions differed a great deal depending on the metaphor they were exposed to. The results have shown that people will likely support an increase in police forces and jailing of offenders if crime is described as a beast preying on a community. But if people are told crime is a virus infecting a city, they are more inclined to treat the problem with social reform. According to Boroditsky: People like to think theyre objective. They want to believe theyre logical. But theyre really being swayed by metaphors. To get a sense of how much the metaphor really mattered, the researchers also examined what role political persuasions play in peoples approach to reducing crime. They suspected that Republicans would be more inclined to catch and incarcerate criminals than Democrats, who would prefer enacting social reforms. They found Republicans were about 10 percent more likely to suggest an enforcement-based solution. We cant talk about any complex situation like crime without using metaphors, said Boroditsky. 3Metaphors arent just used for flowery speech. They shape the conversation for things were trying to explain and figure out. And they have consequences for determining what we decide is the right approach to solving problems. While their research focused on attitudes about crime, their findings can be used to understand the implications of how a casual or calculated turn of phrase can influence debates and change minds. Adaptado de news.stanford.edu. Metaphors arent just used for flowery speech. They shape the conversation for things were trying to explain and figure out.(ref. 3) In order to clarify the meaning relation between the two sentences above, the following word can be inserted in the underlined one:

(UERJ - 2019) The effect of climate change on epidemic risk The potential impacts of climate change have returned to headlines in recent weeks as scientists, activists and policy makers try to understand the possible implications of a warming planet. While rising temperatures and sea levels are important to be considered, changing climate patterns can have vast implications for epidemic risk as well. Changes in global climate patterns have been widely1discussed; however, rising temperatures also have implications for risk reduction and management, including impacts on infectious disease epidemics. With 2016 the hottest year ever recorded and 2017 following suit, we anticipate a continued growth in the distribution of disease agents, like mosquitoes and ticks. These can spread illnesses such as zika, yellow fever and dengue to areas where they previously could not be effectively2transmitted. As predicted by climate scientists, increases in extreme weather events may also lead to increases in infectious disease outbreaks. Epidemics have previously been seen as a consequence of natural disasters, which can lead to displaced and crowded populations, the ideal situation for infection transmission. Severe rainfall or flooding is particularly3effective at creating environments suitable for the transmission and propagation of infectious diseases, such as measles or cholera. Even without rising to the level of a natural catastrophe, significant variation in weather patterns can result in changes in human and animal interactions, increasing the potential for pathogens to move from animals into human populations. For example, unusually heavy rains may predispose regions to ebola outbreaks by creating more favorable environments for bats hosting the virus. Similarly4, food scarcity brought about by drought, political instability or animal disease may lead to more animal hunting, therefore raising the risk for ebola virus epidemic. It is important to take note of the impact of climate change on epidemic risk, but it is equally important to prepare for its impact on global health. The global health community has largely come to realize that public health preparedness is crucial to responding efficiently to infectious disease outbreaks. For this reason, our work is, then, centered around helping governments manage and quantify infectious disease risk. Besides, regardless of weather patterns, insights into epidemics and into mechanisms for ensuring adequate support are critical for managing this risk. Since the public health community agrees that 5the question is not if another outbreak will happen, but when, the steps we take in the coming years to prepare for and reduce the increasing frequency of outbreaks will determine the broader implications these diseases have on our world. contagionlive.com the question is not if another outbreak will happen, but when.(ref. 5) The underlined words present the health communitys opinion concerning new outbreaks of epidemics. According to their opinion, future outbreaks are seen as:

(UERJ - 2019) The effect of climate change on epidemic risk The potential impacts of climate change have returned to headlines in recent weeks as scientists, activists and policy makers try to understand the possible implications of a warming planet. While rising temperatures and sea levels are important to be considered, changing climate patterns can have vast implications for epidemic risk as well. Changes in global climate patterns have been widely1 discussed; however, rising temperatures also have implications for risk reduction and management, including impacts on infectious disease epidemics. With 2016 the hottest year ever recorded and 2017 following suit, we anticipate a continued growth in the distribution of disease agents, like mosquitoes and ticks. These can spread illnesses such as zika, yellow fever and dengue to areas where they previously could not be effectively2 transmitted. As predicted by climate scientists, increases in extreme weather events may also lead to increases in infectious disease outbreaks. Epidemics have previously been seen as a consequence of natural disasters, which can lead to displaced and crowded populations, the ideal situation for infection transmission. Severe rainfall or flooding is particularly3 effective at creating environments suitable for the transmission and propagation of infectious diseases, such as measles or cholera. Even without rising to the level of a natural catastrophe, significant variation in weather patterns can result in changes in human and animal interactions, increasing the potential for pathogens to move from animals into human populations. For example, unusually heavy rains may predispose regions to ebola outbreaks by creating more favorable environments for bats hosting the virus. Similarly4, food scarcity brought about by drought, political instability or animal disease may lead to more animal hunting, therefore raising the risk for ebola virus epidemic. It is important to take note of the impact of climate change on epidemic risk, but it is equally important to prepare for its impact on global health. The global health community has largely come to realize that public health preparedness is crucial to responding efficiently to infectious disease outbreaks. For this reason, our work is, then, centered around helping governments manage and quantify infectious disease risk. Besides, regardless of weather patterns, insights into epidemics and into mechanisms for ensuring adequate support are critical for managing this risk. Since the public health community agrees that the question is not if another outbreak will happen, but when, the steps we take in the coming years to prepare for and reduce the increasing frequency of outbreaks will determine the broader implications these diseases have on our world. contagionlive.com The global health community has largely come to realize that public health preparedness is crucial (ref. 5) Another word from the text that may replace the underlined one above without significant change in meaning is:

(UERJ - 2018) Our (Im)perfect bodies Since I write a lot about positive body image, youd think that I am well over the idea that weight should be something that I allow to define my life. Yet, the vestiges of my past life as a woman obsessed with weight still linger. A good example is vacation pictures. If I show you pictures of all the places I have been in my Iife, I can give you minute details about the place itself, the food, the sights and the weather. I can also tell you something else simply by looking at those pictures:1the exact number on the scale I was at that particular time in my life. Sometimes my past catches up with me. I like to think of myself as a recovering weight-a-holic. The fear of being overweight is a constant one of despair at not being personally successful in controlling your own body. What good is being in control of finances, major companies and businesses if youre not in control of your body?! Silly idea, right? And yet that is exactly the unconscious thought many intelligent women have. Feeling satisfied with your appearance makes a tremendous amount of difference in how you present yourself to the world. Some women live their entire lives on their perception of their physical selves.2But Ive been there, done that. The hell with that idea! Personally, I became tired of living my Iife this way. My friend is an art historian who specializes in the Renaissance period. Talking with him recently gave me a perspective on body image. As we walked through the permanent exhibit of Renaissance Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, he pointed out the paintings done of women. The women came in all sizes, all shapes. Some were curvier than others, but all were beautiful. Some had what we refer to as love handles; some had soft, fuller stomachs that had never suffered through crunches in a gym.3Though I had seen them many times, it was actually refreshing to view them in a new light. We are led to believe our self-worth must be a reflection of our looks. So, in essence, if we dont believe we look good, we assume we have no worth! Yet, self-worth should have nothing to do with looks and everything to do with an innate feeling that you really are worth it. You are worth going after your dreams, you are worth being in a good relationship, you are worth living a life that fulfills and nourishes you, and you are certainly worthy of being a successful woman. There is a quote attributed to Michelangelo that Ive always admired. When a friend complimented him on the glorious Sistine Chapel, the great artist, referring to his art in the feminine form, was said to have replied: She is worthy of admiration simply because she exists; perfection and imperfection together. BRISTEN HOUGHTON Adaptado de twitter.com Though Ihad seenthem many times (ref. 3) The typical use of the underlined verb form signals the following aspect of this action:

(Uerj simulado 2018)  A ARTE DE ENVELHECER                   1O envelhecimento é sombra que nos acompanha desde a concepção: o feto de seis meses é muito mais velho do que o embrião de cinco dias.             Lidar com a inexorabilidade desse processo exige uma habilidade na qual nós somos inigualáveis: a adaptação. Não há animal capaz de criar soluções diante da adversidade como nós, de sobreviver em nichos ecológicos que vão do calor tropical às geleiras do Ártico.             Da mesma forma que ensaiamos os primeiros passos por imitação, temos que aprender a ser adolescentes, adultos e a ficar cada vez mais velhos.             A adolescência é um fenômeno moderno. 2Nossos ancestrais passavam da infância à vida adulta sem estágios intermediários. Nas comunidades agrárias o menino de sete anos trabalhava na roça e as meninas cuidavam dos afazeres domésticos antes de chegar a essa idade.             A figura do adolescente que mora com os pais até os 30 anos, sem abrir mão do direito de reclamar da comida à mesa e da camisa mal passada, surgiu nas sociedades industrializadas depois da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Bem mais cedo, nossos avós tinham filhos para criar.             A exaltação da juventude como o período áureo da existência humana é um mito das sociedades ocidentais. Confinar aos jovens a publicidade dos bens de consumo, exaltar a estética, os costumes e os padrões de comportamento característicos dessa faixa etária tem o efeito perverso de insinuar que o declínio começa assim que essa fase se aproxima do fim.             A ideia de envelhecer aflige mulheres e homens modernos, muito mais do que afligia nossos antepassados. Sócrates tomou cicuta aos 70 anos, Cícero foi assassinado aos 63, Matusalém sabe-se lá quantos anos teve, mas seus contemporâneos gregos, romanos ou judeus viviam em média 30 anos. No início do século 20, a expectativa de vida ao nascer nos países da Europa mais desenvolvida não passava dos 40 anos.             A mortalidade infantil era altíssima; epidemias de peste negra, varíola, malária, febre amarela, gripe e tuberculose dizimavam populações inteiras. Nossos ancestrais viveram num mundo devastado por guerras, enfermidades infecciosas, escravidão, dores sem analgesia e a onipresença da mais temível das criaturas. Que sentido haveria em pensar na velhice quando a probabilidade de morrer jovem era tão alta? Seria como hoje preocupar-nos com a vida aos cem anos de idade, que pouquíssimos conhecerão.             3Os que estão vivos agora têm boa chance de passar dos 80. Se assim for, 4é preciso sabedoria para aceitar que nossos atributos se modificam com o passar dos anos. Que nenhuma cirurgia devolverá aos 60 o rosto que tínhamos aos 18, mas que envelhecer não é sinônimo de decadência física para aqueles que se movimentam, não fumam, comem com parcimônia, exercitam a cognição e continuam atentos às transformações do mundo.             Considerar a vida um vale de lágrimas no qual submergimos de corpo e alma ao deixar a juventude é torná-la experiência medíocre. Julgar, aos 80 anos, que os melhores foram aqueles dos 15 aos 25 é não levar em conta que a memória é editora autoritária, capaz de suprimir por conta própria as experiências traumáticas e relegar ao esquecimento inseguranças, medos, desilusões afetivas, riscos desnecessários e as burradas que fizemos nessa época.             5Nada mais ofensivo para o velho do que dizer que ele tem “cabeça de jovem”. É considerá-lo mais inadequado do que o rapaz de 20 anos que se comporta como criança de dez.             Ainda que maldigamos o envelhecimento, é ele que nos traz a aceitação das ambiguidades, das diferenças, do contraditório e abre espaço para uma diversidade de experiências com as quais nem sonhávamos anteriormente.   DRÁUZIO VARELLA   HOW TECHNOLOGY CAN EMPOWER THE ELDERLY               The elderly have often been neglected by technology developers as a focus market. The stereotype is that they are technophobes, or at least slow to pick up new innovations. However, in reality not only are the elderly very capable of using a range of complex modern technologies, they are also very often in need of devices that can ease their lives and empower them in their range of abilities. Let’s look over a few of the best examples out there.               It seems that we are currently obsessed with reducing the size of new devices to make them more and more portable. However, according to researchers, most elderly people prefer to spend their time without rushing and stressing and going from one place to the other, as many young people do. Many spend a great deal of time in their homes, which is often referred to as “ageing in place”. Therefore, gadgets designed to support home living can be very useful, especially when they are designed appropriately for the elderly. Some simple examples include TV remote controllers, mobile phones and tablets designed as lightweight and featuring large illuminated buttons. TV audio amplifiers can also be very useful, as well as audiobooks downloaded as MP3s or played on tablets and similar devices directly from a browser or a playlist.               The improvements in home alarms and mobile phone security apps for seniors have been noticeable. There are sophisticated gadgets now available which can track activity patterns and create alerts for carers and family or friends when there is an unexpected interrupt in an elderly person’s routine. There are also a good range of wireless alarm systems which can be placed around the home with ease.               For those who wander due to conditions such as Alzheimer’s or dementia, GPS Shoes and Smart soles are a great facility. GPS Shoes update information periodically so caregivers can be informed about the location of the user with frequencies ranging up to every 10 minutes. GPS Smart soles allow online tracking of a user’s location through any smartphone, tablet or browser with the login details.             A widening range of gadgets are now becoming more user friendly, interesting and empowering for the elderly. Also, a broad range of gadgets are now custom-made for this market group. After all, this is a segment of the population who should be respected and should never be neglected. They brought us into this world, and we will all arrive into this demographic in the end.   psychcentral.com     This text shares its general theme with the one in A arte de envelhecer, de Dráuzio Varella.   The theme addressed in both texts concerns the following issue   Folha de São Paulo, 23/01/2016

(Uerj simulado 2018)  HOW TECHNOLOGY CAN EMPOWER THE ELDERLY               The elderly have often been neglected by technology developers as a focus market. The stereotype is that they are technophobes, or at least slow to pick up new innovations. However, 1in reality not only are the elderly very capable of using a range of complex modern technologies, they are also very often in need of devices that can ease their lives and empower them in their range of abilities. Let’s look over a few of the best examples out there.               It seems that we are currently obsessed with reducing the size of new devices to make them more and more portable. However, according to researchers, most elderly people prefer to spend their time without rushing and stressing and going from one place to the other, as many young people do. Many spend a great deal of time in their homes, which is often referred to as “ageing in place”. Therefore, gadgets designed to support home living can be very useful, especially when they are designed appropriately for the elderly. Some simple examples include TV remote controllers, mobile phones and tablets designed as lightweight and featuring large illuminated buttons. TV audio amplifiers can also be very useful, as well as audiobooks downloaded as MP3s or played on tablets and similar devices directly from a browser or a playlist.               The improvements in home alarms and mobile phone security apps for seniors have been noticeable. There are sophisticated gadgets now available which can track activity patterns and create alerts for carers and family or friends when there is an unexpected interrupt in an elderly person’s routine. There are also a good range of wireless alarm systems which can be placed around the home with ease.               For those who wander due to conditions such as Alzheimer’s or dementia, GPS Shoes and Smart soles are a great facility. GPS Shoes update information periodically so caregivers can be informed about the location of the user with frequencies ranging up to every 10 minutes. GPS Smart soles allow online tracking of a user’s location through any smartphone, tablet or browser with the login details.             A widening range of gadgets are now becoming more user friendly, interesting and empowering for the elderly. Also, a broad range of gadgets are now custom-made for this market group. After all, this is a segment of the population who should be respected and should never be neglected. They brought us into this world, and we will all arrive into this demographic in the end.   psychcentral.com In the fourth paragraph, it is mentioned that GPS shoes are specially useful for those suffering from conditions such as Alzheimer’s or dementia. One of the reasons for its utility is:

(Uerj simulado 2018)  HOW TECHNOLOGY CAN EMPOWER THE ELDERLY               The elderly have often been neglected by technology developers as a focus market. The stereotype is that they are technophobes, or at least slow to pick up new innovations. However, 1in reality not only are the elderly very capable of using a range of complex modern technologies, they are also very often in need of devices that can ease their lives and empower them in their range of abilities. Let’s look over a few of the best examples out there.               It seems that we are currently obsessed with reducing the size of new devices to make them more and more portable. However, according to researchers, most elderly people prefer to spend their time without rushing and stressing and going from one place to the other, as many young people do. Many spend a great deal of time in their homes, which is often referred to as “ageing in place”. Therefore, gadgets designed to support home living can be very useful, especially when they are designed appropriately for the elderly. Some simple examples include TV remote controllers, mobile phones and tablets designed as lightweight and featuring large illuminated buttons. TV audio amplifiers can also be very useful, as well as audiobooks downloaded as MP3s or played on tablets and similar devices directly from a browser or a playlist.               The improvements in home alarms and mobile phone security apps for seniors have been noticeable. There are sophisticated gadgets now available which can track activity patterns and create alerts for carers and family or friends when there is an unexpected interrupt in an elderly person’s routine. There are also a good range of wireless alarm systems which can be placed around the home with ease.               For those who wander due to conditions such as Alzheimer’s or dementia, GPS Shoes and Smart soles are a great facility. GPS Shoes update information periodically so caregivers can be informed about the location of the user with frequencies ranging up to every 10 minutes. GPS Smart soles allow online tracking of a user’s location through any smartphone, tablet or browser with the login details.             A widening range of gadgets are now becoming more user friendly, interesting and empowering for the elderly. Also, a broad range of gadgets are now custom-made for this market group. After all, this is a segment of the population who should be respected and should never be neglected. They brought us into this world, and we will all arrive into this demographic in the end.   psychcentral.com According to the last paragraph, the elderly is a new market segment to be considered. In this sense, the main idea behind the technology developed for the elderly is:

(Uerj 2018) Our (Im)perfect bodies   Since I write a lot about positive body image, you’d think that I am well over the idea that weight should be something that I allow to define my life. Yet, the vestiges of my past life as a woman obsessed with weight still linger. A good example is vacation pictures. If I show you pictures of all the places I have been in my Iife, I can give you minute details about the place itself, the food, the sights and the weather. I can also tell you something else simply by looking at those pictures: 1the exact number on the scale I was at that particular time in my life. Sometimes my past catches up with me. I like to think of myself as a recovering weight-a-holic. The fear of being overweight is a constant one of despair at not being personally successful in controlling your own body. What good is being in control of finances, major companies and businesses if you’re not in control of your body?! Silly idea, right? And yet that is exactly the unconscious thought many intelligent women have. Feeling satisfied with your appearance makes a tremendous amount of difference in how you present yourself to the world. Some women live their entire lives on their perception of their physical selves. 2But I’ve been there, done that. The hell with that idea! Personally, I became tired of living my Iife this way. My friend is an art historian who specializes in the Renaissance period. Talking with him recently gave me a perspective on body image. As we walked through the permanent exhibit of Renaissance Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, he pointed out the paintings done of women. The women came in all sizes, all shapes. Some were curvier than others, but all were beautiful. Some had what we refer to as love handles; some had soft, fuller stomachs that had never suffered through crunches in a gym. 3Though I had seen them many times, it was actually refreshing to view them in a new light. We are led to believe our self-worth must be a reflection of our looks. So, in essence, if we don’t believe we look good, we assume we have no worth! Yet, self-worth should have nothing to do with looks and everything to do with an innate feeling that you really are worth it. You are worth going after your dreams, you are worth being in a good relationship, you are worth living a life that fulfills and nourishes you, and you are certainly worthy of being a successful woman. There is a quote attributed to Michelangelo that I’ve always admired. When a friend complimented him on the glorious Sistine Chapel, the great artist, referring to his art in the feminine form, was said to have replied: “She is worthy of admiration simply because she exists; perfection and imperfection together”.   BRISTEN HOUGHTON Adaptado de twitter.com O poder criativo da imperfeição   Já escrevi sobre como nossas teorias científicas sobre o mundo são aproximações de uma realidade que podemos compreender apenas em parte. Nossos instrumentos de pesquisa, que tanto ampliam nossa visão de mundo, têm necessariamente limites de precisão. Não há dúvida de que Galileu, com seu telescópio, viu mais longe do que todos antes dele. Também não há dúvida de que hoje vemos muito mais longe do que Galileu poderia ter sonhado em 1610. E certamente, em cem anos, nossa visão cósmica terá sido ampliada de forma imprevisível. No avanço do conhecimento científico, vemos um conceito que tem um papel essencial: simetria. Já desde os tempos de Platão, há a noção de que existe uma linguagem secreta da natureza, uma matemática por trás da ordem que observamos. Platão – e, com ele, muitos matemáticos até hoje – acreditava que os conceitos matemáticos existiam em uma espécie de dimensão paralela, acessível apenas através da razão. Nesse caso, os teoremas da matemática (como o famoso teorema de Pitágoras) existem como verdades absolutas, que a mente humana, ao menos as mais aptas, pode ocasionalmente descobrir. Para os platônicos, a matemática é uma descoberta, e não uma invenção humana. Ao menos no que diz respeito às forças que agem nas partículas fundamentais da matéria, a busca por uma teoria final da natureza é a encarnação moderna do sonho platônico de um código secreto da natureza. As teorias de unificação, como são chamadas, visam justamente a isso, formular todas as forças como manifestações de uma única, com sua simetria abrangendo as demais. Culturalmente, é difícil não traçar uma linha entre as fés monoteístas e a busca por uma unidade da natureza nas ciências. Esse sonho, porém, é impossível de ser realizado. Primeiro, porque nossas teorias são sempre temporárias, passíveis de ajustes e revisões futuras. Não existe uma teoria que possamos dizer final, pois nossas explicações mudam de acordo com o conhecimento acumulado que temos das coisas. Um século atrás, um elétron era algo muito diferente do que é hoje. Em cem anos, será algo muito diferente outra vez. Não podemos saber se as forças que conhecemos hoje são as únicas que existem. Segundo, porque nossas teorias e as simetrias que detectamos nos padrões regulares da natureza são em geral aproximações. Não existe uma perfeição no mundo, apenas em nossas mentes. De fato, quando analisamos com calma as “unificações” da física, vemos que são aproximações que funcionam apenas dentro de certas condições. O que encontramos são assimetrias, imperfeições que surgem desde as descrições das propriedades da matéria até as das moléculas que determinam a vida, as proteínas e os ácidos nucleicos (RNA e DNA). Por trás da riqueza que vemos nas formas materiais, encontramos a força criativa das imperfeições.   MARCELO GLEISER Adaptado de Folha de São Paulo, 25/08/2013.     The texts “O poder criativo da imperfeição” and “Our (im)perfect bodies” discuss the concept of perfection, using examples from their respective areas. The sentence that best represents the idea discussed in both texts is:

(UERJ - 2018) Recent Human Adaptations Human populations live in an extraordinary variety of different habitats: hot and cold, wet and dry; in forests, grasslands and tundra. Different human groups feed on a wide variety of food sources. For many populations, diets shifted further with the development of agriculture in the past 10,000 years. To what extent have these and other factors led to genetic adaptation? Human populations differ in various phenotypes observable characteristics that result from interactions between genes and the environment , but scientific studies have shown that phenotypic differences have a genetic basis and are adaptive. For example, mammals that live in cold climates tend to have larger, rounder bodies and shorter limbs than members of the same or closely related species in warm climates. These patterns do appear to also hold in humans, implying that population movements into colder climates were accompanied by adaptation to larger, stockier body shape, presumably to improve thermal efficiency. At the other end of the spectrum is the pygmy phenotype that has evolved in rainforest populations in Africa, South-East Asia and South America. Research has suggested that this phenotype may be an adaptation to food limitations, high humidity or denseforest undergrowth. Another impressive example of adaptation is provided by human populations living at high altitude, especially in the Himalayas and the Andes. Compared to related lowland populations, these highelevation populations show a group of physiological adaptations to low oxygen. These adaptations include markedly increased blood flow and oxygen delivery to the uterus during pregnancy, substantially reducing the risk of babies with low birthweight. Current evidence suggests that these differences are not simply the result of recent acclimation, but are at least partly genetic. If this is the case, then the adaptation must have occurred rapidly, because these high altitude regions were settled within the last 10,000 years. Skin pigmentation is perhaps the phenotype that varies most obviously among human populations. Dark pigmentation is strongly associated with tropical climates, and the spread of prehistoric humans into northern latitudes was accompanied by a shift to lighter skin color. We now know of at least half a dozen different genes that affect skin, hair or eye pigmentation. In particular, the evolution of light skin color occurred largely in parallel in western Eurasia and east Asia, but we still know few of the relevant genes in east Asia. Adaptation to lighter pigmentation may have been motivated by a need to increase UV absorption for vitamin D synthesis at high latitudes or by sexual selection.These are only a few cases of genetic adaptation. There are surely some perhaps many other factors 1yet to be found. sciencedirect.com factors yet to be found. (ref. 1) The expressionyet to be foundis used to represent an action which:

(UERJ - 2018) Our (Im)perfect bodies Since I write a lot about positive body image, youd think that I am well over the idea that weight should be something that I allow to define my life. Yet, the vestiges of my past life as a woman obsessed with weight still linger. A good example is vacation pictures. If I show you pictures of all the places I have been in my Iife, I can give you minute details about the place itself, the food, the sights and the weather. I can also tell you something else simply by looking at those pictures:1the exact number on the scale I was at that particular time in my life. Sometimes my past catches up with me. I like to think of myself as a recovering weight-a-holic. The fear of being overweight is a constant one of despair at not being personally successful in controlling your own body. What good is being in control of finances, major companies and businesses if youre not in control of your body?! Silly idea, right? And yet that is exactly the unconscious thought many intelligent women have. Feeling satisfied with your appearance makes a tremendous amount of difference in how you present yourself to the world. Some women live their entire lives on their perception of their physical selves.2But Ive been there, done that. The hell with that idea! Personally, I became tired of living my Iife this way. My friend is an art historian who specializes in the Renaissance period. Talking with him recently gave me a perspective on body image. As we walked through the permanent exhibit of Renaissance Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, he pointed out the paintings done of women. The women came in all sizes, all shapes. Some were curvier than others, but all were beautiful. Some had what we refer to as love handles; some had soft, fuller stomachs that had never suffered through crunches in a gym.3Though I had seen them many times, it was actually refreshing to view them in a new light. We are led to believe our self-worth must be a reflection of our looks. So, in essence, if we dont believe we look good, we assume we have no worth! Yet, self-worth should have nothing to do with looks and everything to do with an innate feeling that you really are worth it. You are worth going after your dreams, you are worth being in a good relationship, you are worth living a life that fulfills and nourishes you, and you are certainly worthy of being a successful woman. There is a quote attributed to Michelangelo that Ive always admired. When a friend complimented him on the glorious Sistine Chapel, the great artist, referring to his art in the feminine form, was said to have replied: She is worthy of admiration simply because she exists; perfection and imperfection together. BRISTEN HOUGHTON Adaptado de twitter.com In the last two paragraphs, the author establishes a relationship between the ideas of self-worth and ones looks. This relationship is best expressed in:

(Uerj  simulado2018) A ARTE DE ENVELHECER ¹O envelhecimento é sombra que nos acompanha desde a concepção: o feto de seis meses é muito mais velho do que o embrião de cinco dias. Lidar com a inexorabilidade desse processo exige uma habilidade na qual nós somos inigualáveis: a adaptação. Não há animal capaz de criar soluções diante da adversidade como nós, de sobreviver em nichos ecológicos que vão do calor tropical às geleiras do Ártico. Da mesma forma que ensaiamos os primeiros passos por imitação, temos que aprender a ser adolescentes, adultos e a ficar cada vez mais velhos. A adolescência é um fenômeno moderno. ²Nossos ancestrais passavam da infância à vida adulta sem estágios intermediários. Nas comunidades agrárias o menino de sete anos trabalhava na roça e as meninas cuidavam dos afazeres domésticos antes de chegar a essa idade. A figura do adolescente que mora com os pais até os 30 anos, sem abrir mão do direito de reclamar da comida à mesa e da camisa mal passada, surgiu nas sociedades industrializadas depois da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Bem mais cedo, nossos avós tinham filhos para criar. A exaltação da juventude como o período áureo da existência humana é um mito das sociedades ocidentais. Confinar aos jovens a publicidade dos bens de consumo, exaltar a estética, os costumes e os padrões de comportamento característicos dessa faixa etária tem o efeito perverso de insinuar que o declínio começa assim que essa fase se aproxima do fim. A ideia de envelhecer aflige mulheres e homens modernos, muito mais do que afligia nossos antepassados. Sócrates tomou cicuta aos 70 anos, Cícero foi assassinado aos 63, Matusalém sabe-se lá quantos anos teve, mas seus contemporâneos gregos, romanos ou judeus viviam em média 30 anos. No início do século 20, a expectativa de vida ao nascer nos países da Europa mais desenvolvida não passava dos 40 anos. A mortalidade infantil era altíssima; epidemias de peste negra, varíola, malária, febre amarela, gripe e tuberculose dizimavam populações inteiras. Nossos ancestrais viveram num mundo devastado por guerras, enfermidades infecciosas, escravidão, dores sem analgesia e a onipresença da mais temível das criaturas. Que sentido haveria em pensar na velhice quando a probabilidade de morrer jovem era tão alta? Seria como hoje preocupar-nos com a vida aos cem anos de idade, que pouquíssimos conhecerão. ³Os que estão vivos agora têm boa chance de passar dos 80. Se assim for, ⁴é preciso sabedoria para aceitar que nossos atributos se modificam com o passar dos anos. Que nenhuma cirurgia devolverá aos 60 o rosto que tínhamos aos 18, mas que envelhecer não é sinônimo de decadência física para aqueles que se movimentam, não fumam, comem com parcimônia, exercitam a cognição e continuam atentos às transformações do mundo. Considerar a vida um vale de lágrimas no qual submergimos de corpo e alma ao deixar a juventude é torná-la experiência medíocre. Julgar, aos 80 anos, que os melhores foram aqueles dos 15 aos 25 é não levar em conta que a memória é editora autoritária, capaz de suprimir por conta própria as experiências traumáticas e relegar ao esquecimento inseguranças, medos, desilusões afetivas, riscos desnecessários e as burradas que fizemos nessa época. ⁵Nada mais ofensivo para o velho do que dizer que ele tem “cabeça de jovem”. É considerá-lo mais inadequado do que o rapaz de 20 anos que se comporta como criança de dez. Ainda que maldigamos o envelhecimento, é ele que nos traz a aceitação das ambiguidades, das diferenças, do contraditório e abre espaço para uma diversidade de experiências com as quais nem sonhávamos anteriormente.   DRÁUZIO VARELLA Folha de São Paulo, 23/01/2016.         HOW TECHNOLOGY CAN EMPOWER THE ELDERLY   The elderly have often been neglected by technology developers as a focus market. The stereotype is that they are technophobes, or at least slow to pick up new innovations. However, in reality not only are the elderly very capable of using a range of complex modern technologies, they are also very often in need of devices that can ease their lives and empower them in their range of abilities. Let’s look over a few of the best examples out there. It seems that we are currently obsessed with reducing the size of new devices to make them more and more portable. However, according to researchers, most elderly people prefer to spend their time without rushing and stressing and going from one place to the other, as many young people do. Many spend a great deal of time in their homes, which is often referred to as “ageing in place”. Therefore, gadgets designed to support home living can be very useful, especially when they are designed appropriately for the elderly. Some simple examples include TV remote controllers, mobile phones and tablets designed as lightweight and featuring large illuminated buttons. TV audio amplifiers can also be very useful, as well as audiobooks downloaded as MP3s or played on tablets and similar devices directly from a browser or a playlist. The improvements in home alarms and mobile phone security apps for seniors have been noticeable. There are sophisticated gadgets now available which can track activity patterns and create alerts for carers and family or friends when there is an unexpected interrupt in an elderly person’s routine. There are also a good range of wireless alarm systems which can be placed around the home with ease. For those who wander due to conditions such as Alzheimer’s or dementia, GPS Shoes and Smart soles are a great facility. GPS Shoes update information periodically so caregivers can be informed about the location of the user with frequencies ranging up to every 10 minutes. GPS Smart soles allow online tracking of a user’s location through any smartphone, tablet or browser with the login details. A widening range of gadgets are now becoming more user friendly, interesting and empowering for the elderly. Also, a broad range of gadgets are now custom-made for this market group. After all, this is a segment of the population who should be respected and should never be neglected. They brought us into this world, and we will all arrive into this demographic in the end.   psychcentral.com   This text shares its general theme with the one in A arte de envelhecer, de Dráuzio Varella.   The theme addressed in both texts concerns the following issue:      

(Uerj simulado 2018)   HOW TECHNOLOGY CAN EMPOWER THE ELDERLY The elderly have often been neglected by technology developers as a focus market. The stereotype is that they are technophobes, or at least slow to pick up new innovations. However, 1in reality not only are the elderly very capable of using a range of complex modern technologies, they are also very often in need of devices that can ease their lives and empower them in their range of abilities. Let’s look over a few of the best examples out there. It seems that we are currently obsessed with reducing the size of new devices to make them more and more portable. However, according to researchers, most elderly people prefer to spend their time without rushing and stressing and going from one place to the other, as many young people do. Many spend a great deal of time in their homes, which is often referred to as “ageing in place”. Therefore, gadgets designed to support home living can be very useful, especially when they are designed appropriately for the elderly. Some simple examples include TV remote controllers, mobile phones and tablets designed as lightweight and featuring large illuminated buttons. TV audio amplifiers can also be very useful, as well as audiobooks downloaded as MP3s or played on tablets and similar devices directly from a browser or a playlist. The improvements in home alarms and mobile phone security apps for seniors have been noticeable. There are sophisticated gadgets now available which can track activity patterns and create alerts for carers and family or friends when there is an unexpected interrupt in an elderly person’s routine. There are also a good range of wireless alarm systems which can be placed around the home with ease. For those who wander due to conditions such as Alzheimer’s or dementia, GPS Shoes and Smart soles are a great facility. GPS Shoes update information periodically so caregivers can be informed about the location of the user with frequencies ranging up to every 10 minutes. GPS Smart soles allow online tracking of a user’s location through any smartphone, tablet or browser with the login details. A widening range of gadgets are now becoming more user friendly, interesting and empowering for the elderly. Also, a broad range of gadgets are now custom-made for this market group. After all, this is a segment of the population who should be respected and should never be neglected. They brought us into this world, and we will all arrive into this demographic in the end.   psychcentral.com   In the fourth paragraph, it is mentioned that GPS shoes are specially useful for those suffering from conditions such as Alzheimer’s or dementia. One of the reasons for its utility is:  

(Uerj simulado 2018)   HOW TECHNOLOGY CAN EMPOWER THE ELDERLY The elderly have often been neglected by technology developers as a focus market. The stereotype is that they are technophobes, or at least slow to pick up new innovations. However, 1in reality not only are the elderly very capable of using a range of complex modern technologies, they are also very often in need of devices that can ease their lives and empower them in their range of abilities. Let’s look over a few of the best examples out there. It seems that we are currently obsessed with reducing the size of new devices to make them more and more portable. However, according to researchers, most elderly people prefer to spend their time without rushing and stressing and going from one place to the other, as many young people do. Many spend a great deal of time in their homes, which is often referred to as “ageing in place”. Therefore, gadgets designed to support home living can be very useful, especially when they are designed appropriately for the elderly. Some simple examples include TV remote controllers, mobile phones and tablets designed as lightweight and featuring large illuminated buttons. TV audio amplifiers can also be very useful, as well as audiobooks downloaded as MP3s or played on tablets and similar devices directly from a browser or a playlist. The improvements in home alarms and mobile phone security apps for seniors have been noticeable. There are sophisticated gadgets now available which can track activity patterns and create alerts for carers and family or friends when there is an unexpected interrupt in an elderly person’s routine. There are also a good range of wireless alarm systems which can be placed around the home with ease. For those who wander due to conditions such as Alzheimer’s or dementia, GPS Shoes and Smart soles are a great facility. GPS Shoes update information periodically so caregivers can be informed about the location of the user with frequencies ranging up to every 10 minutes. GPS Smart soles allow online tracking of a user’s location through any smartphone, tablet or browser with the login details. A widening range of gadgets are now becoming more user friendly, interesting and empowering for the elderly. Also, a broad range of gadgets are now custom-made for this market group. After all, this is a segment of the population who should be respected and should never be neglected. They brought us into this world, and we will all arrive into this demographic in the end.   psychcentral.com     According to the last paragraph, the elderly is a new market segment to be considered.   In this sense, the main idea behind the technology developed for the elderly is: