Questões de Inglês - UNESP 2016 | Gabarito e resoluções

(UNESP - 2016 - 1fase) GM wheat no more pest-resistant than ordinary crops, trial shows GM wheat designed to repel aphids is no more effective at repelling the bugs than standard varieties a major field trial has revealed Ian Sample June 25, 2015 A major field trial of GM wheat that is designed to repel aphids (small insects) has found the crop is no better protected against the pests than conventional wheat. The results come from two years of trials that compared aphid attacks on standard wheat plants with those suffered by a GM version modified to release a natural aphid repellent. Scientists created the GM wheat strain in the hope that it would deter aphids, which devour the crops and can leave them with infections. They modified the wheat to produce a natural pheromone which aphids release when under attack from predators. The aphid alarm makes the bugs flee to safety. Aphids are not the only organisms that release the odour though. More than 400 plants have evolved to secrete the same substance, called E-betafarnesene, or EBF, including peppermint. The chemical doubles up as an attractant for some insects that kill aphids, such as parasitic wasps. Prior to the field trial, lab tests at Rothamsted found that the pheromone worked as a highly-effective aphid repellent. The work bolstered researchers hopes that the trial would demonstrate the crops resilience against aphids in the wild. An aphid-resistant wheat crop could have huge benefits for farmers and the environment because the plants would no longer need to be sprayed with insecticides. The disappointing thing is that when we tested it in the field, we didnt find any significant reduction in aphid settlement in the test plots, said Toby Bruce, who worked on the trial. Details of the trial are published in the journal Scientific Reports. (www.theguardian.com. Adaptado.) O objetivo do experimento com trigo geneticamente modificado foi

(UNESP - 2016/2 - 1fase) Disparity in life spans of the rich and the poor is growing Sabrina Tavernise February 12, 2016 Experts have long known that rich people generally live longer than poor people. But a growing body of data shows a more disturbing pattern: Despite big advances in medicine, technology and education, the longevity gap between high-income and low-income Americans has been widening sharply. The poor are losing ground not only in income, but also in years of life, the most basic measure of well-being. In the early 1970s, a 60-year-old man in the top half of the earnings ladder could expect to live 1.2 years longer than a man of the same age in the bottom half, according to an analysis by the Social Security Administration. Fast-forward to 2001, and he could expect to live 5.8 years longer than his poorer counterpart. New research released this month contains even more jarring numbers. Looking at the extreme ends of the income spectrum, economists at the Brookings Institution found that for men born in 1920, there was a six-year difference in life expectancy between the top 10 percent of earners and the bottom 10 percent. For men born in 1950, that difference had more than doubled, to 14 years. For women, the gap grew to 13 years, from 4.7 years. There has been this huge spreading out, said Gary Burtless, one of the authors of the study. The growing chasm is alarming policy makers, and has surfaced in the presidential campaign. During a Democratic debate, Senator Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton expressed concern over shortening life spans for some Americans. This may be the next frontier of the inequality discussion, said Peter Orszag, a former Obama administration official now at Citigroup, who was among the first to highlight the pattern. The causes are still being investigated, but public health researchers say that deep declines in smoking among the affluent and educated may partly explain the difference. Overall, according to the Brookings study, life expectancy for the bottom 10 percent of wage earners improved by just 3 percent for men born in 1950 compared with those born in 1920. For the top 10 percent, though, it jumped by about 28 percent. (The researchers used a common measure life expectancy at age 50 and included data from 1984 to 2012.) (www.nytimes.com. Adaptado.) No trecho do quarto pargrafo shortening life spans for some Americans, a expresso some Americans, no contexto, se refere

(UNESP - 2016 - 1 fase) GM wheat no more pest-resistant than ordinary crops, trial shows GM wheat designed to repel aphids is no more effective at repelling the bugs than standard varieties a major field trial has revealed I an Sample June 25, 2015 A major field trial of GM wheat that is designed to repel aphids (small insects) has found the crop is no better protected against the pests than conventional wheat. The results come from two years of trials that compared aphid attacks on standard wheat plants with those suffered by a GM version modified to release a natural aphid repellent. Scientists created the GM wheat strain in the hope that it would deter aphids, which devour the crops and can leave them with infections. They modified the wheat to produce a natural pheromone which aphids release when under attack from predators. The aphid alarm makes the bugs flee to safety. Aphids are not the only organisms that release the odour though. More than 400 plants have evolved to secrete the same substance, called E-betafarnesene, or EBF, including peppermint. The chemical doubles up as an attractant for some insects that kill aphids, such as parasitic wasps. Prior to the field trial, lab tests at Rothamsted found that the pheromone worked as a highly-effective aphid repellent. The work bolstered researchers hopes that the trial would demonstrate the crops resilience against aphids in the wild. An aphid-resistant wheat crop could have huge benefits for farmers and the environment because the plants would no longer need to be sprayed with insecticides. The disappointing thing is that when we tested it in the field, we didnt find any significant reduction in aphid settlement in the test plots, said Toby Bruce, who worked on the trial. Details of the trial are published in the journal Scientific Reports. (www.theguardian.com. Adaptado.) The field tests with the GM wheat proved ineffectivebecause

(UNESP - 2016/2 - 1fase) Disparity in life spans of the rich and the poor is growing Sabrina Tavernise February 12, 2016 Experts have long known that rich people generally live longer than poor people. But a growing body of data shows a more disturbing pattern: Despite big advances in medicine, technology and education, the longevity gap between high-income and low-income Americans has been widening sharply. The poor are losing ground not only in income, but also in years of life, the most basic measure of well-being. In the early 1970s, a 60-year-old man in the top half of the earnings ladder could expect to live 1.2 years longer than a man of the same age in the bottom half, according to an analysis by the Social Security Administration. Fast-forward to 2001, and he could expect to live 5.8 years longer than his poorer counterpart. New research released this month contains even more jarring numbers. Looking at the extreme ends of the income spectrum, economists at the Brookings Institution found that for men born in 1920, there was a six-year difference in life expectancy between the top 10 percent of earners and the bottom 10 percent. For men born in 1950, that difference had more than doubled, to 14 years. For women, the gap grew to 13 years, from 4.7 years. There has been this huge spreading out, said Gary Burtless, one of the authors of the study. The growing chasm is alarming policy makers, and has surfaced in the presidential campaign. During a Democratic debate, Senator Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton expressed concern over shortening life spans for some Americans. This may be the next frontier of the inequality discussion, said Peter Orszag, a former Obama administration official now at Citigroup, who was among the first to highlight the pattern. The causes are still being investigated, but public health researchers say that deep declines in smoking among the affluent and educated may partly explain the difference. Overall, according to the Brookings study, life expectancy for the bottom 10 percent of wage earners improved by just 3 percent for men born in 1950 compared with those born in 1920. For the top 10 percent, though, it jumped by about 28 percent. (The researchers used a common measure life expectancy at age 50 and included data from 1984 to 2012.) (www.nytimes.com. Adaptado.) No trecho do quinto pargrafo For the top 10 percent, though, it jumped by about 28 percent., o termo em destaque pode ser substitudo, sem alterao de sentido, por

(UNESP - 2016 - 1fase) GM wheat no more pest-resistant than ordinary crops, trial shows GM wheat designed to repel aphids is no more effective at repelling the bugs than standard varieties a major field trial has revealed I an Sample June 25, 2015 A major field trial of GM wheat that is designed to repel aphids (small insects) has found the crop is no better protected against the pests than conventional wheat. The results come from two years of trials that compared aphid attacks on standard wheat plants with those suffered by a GM version modified to release a natural aphid repellent. Scientists created the GM wheat strain in the hope that it would deter aphids, which devour the crops and can leave them with infections. They modified the wheat to produce a natural pheromone which aphids release when under attack from predators. The aphid alarm makes the bugs flee to safety. Aphids are not the only organisms that release the odour though. More than 400 plants have evolved to secrete the same substance, called E-betafarnesene, or EBF, including peppermint. The chemical doubles up as an attractant for some insects that kill aphids, such as parasitic wasps. Prior to the field trial, lab tests at Rothamsted found that the pheromone worked as a highly-effective aphid repellent. The work bolstered researchers hopes that the trial would demonstrate the crops resilience against aphids in the wild. An aphid-resistant wheat crop could have huge benefits for farmers and the environment because the plants would no longer need to be sprayed with insecticides. The disappointing thing is that when we tested it in the field, we didnt find any significant reduction in aphid settlement in the test plots, said Toby Bruce, who worked on the trial. Details of the trial are published in the journal Scientific Reports. (www.theguardian.com. Adaptado.) O trecho do terceiro pargrafo An aphid-resistant wheat crop could have huge benefits for farmers and the environment because the plants would no longer need to be sprayed with insecticides.

(UNESP - 2016 - 2 fase) In one of the great tragedies of our age, indigenous traditions, stories, cultures and knowledge are winking out across the world. Whole languages and mythologies are vanishing, and in some cases even entire indigenous groups are falling into extinction. This is what makes the news that a tribe in the Amazon the Matss peoples of Brazil and Peru have created a 500-page encyclopaedia of their traditional medicine all the more remarkable. The encyclopaedia, compiled by five shamans with assistance from conservation group Acat, details every plant used by Matss medicine to cure a massive variety of ailments. The [Matss Traditional Medicine Encyclopaedia] marks the first time shamans of an Amazonian tribe have created a full and complete transcription of their medicinal knowledge written in their own language and words, said Christopher Herndon, president and co-founder of Acat. The Matss have only printed their encyclopaedia in their native language to ensure that the medicinal knowledge is not stolen by corporations or researchers as has happened in the past. Instead, the encyclopaedia is meant as a guide for training new, young shamans in the tradition and recording the living shamans knowledge before they pass. One of the most renowned elder Matss healers died before his knowledge could be passed on so the time was now. Acat and the Matss leadership decided to prioritize the Encyclopaedia before more of the elders were lost and their ancestral knowledge taken with them, said Herndon. Acat has also started a program connecting the remaining Matss shamans with young students. Through this mentorship program, the indigenous people hope to preserve their way of life as they have for centuries past. With the medicinal plant knowledge disappearing fast among most indigenous groups and no one to write it down, the true losers in the end are tragically the indigenous stakeholders themselves, said Herndon. The methodology developed by the Matss and Acat can be a template for other indigenous cultures to safeguard their ancestral knowledge. Comments: Hugh Baker Top Commenter The priority for people supporting the Matss should be to copyright the encyclopaedia in as many jurisdictions as possible, protecting both the medicinal knowledge and the biological/botanical information, species of plants, fungi, insects and animals that occur in the range of the tribe. Any pharmacological corporations wishing to capitalize on the knowledge would have to pay royalties to the Matss, and would also need to consult with the Matss in a meaningful interaction about how they intend to exploit whatever resource in which the company expresses an interest. (http://news.mongabay.com. Adaptado.) Explique, de acordo com o primeiro pargrafo, por que a elaborao da Enciclopdia de Medicina Tradicional da tribo Matss um feito notvel.

(UNESP - 2016 - 2 fase) In one of the great tragedies of our age, indigenous traditions, stories, cultures and knowledge are winking out across the world. Whole languages and mythologies are vanishing, and in some cases even entire indigenous groups are falling into extinction. This is what makes the news that a tribe in the Amazon the Matss peoples of Brazil and Peru have created a 500-page encyclopaedia of their traditional medicine all the more remarkable. The encyclopaedia, compiled by five shamans with assistance from conservation group Acat, details every plant used by Matss medicine to cure a massive variety of ailments. The [Matss Traditional Medicine Encyclopaedia] marks the first time shamans of an Amazonian tribe have created a full and complete transcription of their medicinal knowledge written in their own language and words, said Christopher Herndon, president and co-founder of Acat. The Matss have only printed their encyclopaedia in their native language to ensure that the medicinal knowledge is not stolen by corporations or researchers as has happened in the past. Instead, the encyclopaedia is meant as a guide for training new, young shamans in the tradition and recording the living shamans knowledge before they pass. One of the most renowned elder Matss healers died before his knowledge could be passed on so the time was now. Acat and the Matss leadership decided to prioritize the Encyclopaedia before more of the elders were lost and their ancestral knowledge taken with them, said Herndon. Acat has also started a program connecting the remaining Matss shamans with young students. Through this mentorship program, the indigenous people hope to preserve their way of life as they have for centuries past. With the medicinal plant knowledge disappearing fast among most indigenous groups and no one to write it down, the true losers in the end are tragically the indigenous stakeholders themselves, said Herndon. The methodology developed by the Matss and Acat can be a template for other indigenous cultures to safeguard their ancestral knowledge. Comments: Hugh Baker Top Commenter The priority for people supporting the Matss should be to copyright the encyclopaedia in as many jurisdictions as possible, protecting both the medicinal knowledge and the biological/botanical information, species of plants, fungi, insects and animals that occur in the range of the tribe. Any pharmacological corporations wishing to capitalize on the knowledge would have to pay royalties to the Matss, and would also need to consult with the Matss in a meaningful interaction about how they intend to exploit whatever resource in which the company expresses an interest. (http://news.mongabay.com. Adaptado.) Quais as razes, segundo o texto, que levaram a tribo Matss a escrever e imprimir a Enciclopdia de Medicina Tradicional em sua prpria lngua?

(UNESP - 2016 - 2 fase) In one of the great tragedies of our age, indigenous traditions, stories, cultures and knowledge are winking out across the world. Whole languages and mythologies are vanishing, and in some cases even entire indigenous groups are falling into extinction. This is what makes the news that a tribe in the Amazon the Matss peoples of Brazil and Peru have created a 500-page encyclopaedia of their traditional medicine all the more remarkable. The encyclopaedia, compiled by five shamans with assistance from conservation group Acat, details every plant used by Matss medicine to cure a massive variety of ailments. The [Matss Traditional Medicine Encyclopaedia] marks the first time shamans of an Amazonian tribe have created a full and complete transcription of their medicinal knowledge written in their own language and words, said Christopher Herndon, president and co-founder of Acat. The Matss have only printed their encyclopaedia in their native language to ensure that the medicinal knowledge is not stolen by corporations or researchers as has happened in the past. Instead, the encyclopaedia is meant as a guide for training new, young shamans in the tradition and recording the living shamans knowledge before they pass. One of the most renowned elder Matss healers died before his knowledge could be passed on so the time was now. Acat and the Matss leadership decided to prioritize the Encyclopaedia before more of the elders were lost and their ancestral knowledge taken with them, said Herndon. Acat has also started a program connecting the remaining Matss shamans with young students. Through this mentorship program, the indigenous people hope to preserve their way of life as they have for centuries past. With the medicinal plant knowledge disappearing fast among most indigenous groups and no one to write it down, the true losers in the end are tragically the indigenous stakeholders themselves, said Herndon. The methodology developed by the Matss and Acat can be a template for other indigenous cultures to safeguard their ancestral knowledge. Comments: Hugh Baker Top Commenter The priority for people supporting the Matss should be to copyright the encyclopaedia in as many jurisdictions as possible, protecting both the medicinal knowledge and the biological/botanical information, species of plants, fungi, insects and animals that occur in the range of the tribe. Any pharmacological corporations wishing to capitalize on the knowledge would have to pay royalties to the Matss, and would also need to consult with the Matss in a meaningful interaction about how they intend to exploit whatever resource in which the company expresses an interest. (http://news.mongabay.com. Adaptado.) O que motivou o grupo ambientalista Acat e os cinco pajs a organizarem a Enciclopdia de Medicina Tradicional da tribo Matss?

(UNESP - 2016 - 2 fase) In one of the great tragedies of our age, indigenous traditions, stories, cultures and knowledge are winking out across the world. Whole languages and mythologies are vanishing, and in some cases even entire indigenous groups are falling into extinction. This is what makes the news that a tribe in the Amazon the Matss peoples of Brazil and Peru have created a 500-page encyclopaedia of their traditional medicine all the more remarkable. The encyclopaedia, compiled by five shamans with assistance from conservation group Acat, details every plant used by Matss medicine to cure a massive variety of ailments. The [Matss Traditional Medicine Encyclopaedia] marks the first time shamans of an Amazonian tribe have created a full and complete transcription of their medicinal knowledge written in their own language and words, said Christopher Herndon, president and co-founder of Acat. The Matss have only printed their encyclopaedia in their native language to ensure that the medicinal knowledge is not stolen by corporations or researchers as has happened in the past. Instead, the encyclopaedia is meant as a guide for training new, young shamans in the tradition and recording the living shamans knowledge before they pass. One of the most renowned elder Matss healers died before his knowledge could be passed on so the time was now. Acat and the Matss leadership decided to prioritize the Encyclopaedia before more of the elders were lost and their ancestral knowledge taken with them, said Herndon. Acat has also started a program connecting the remaining Matss shamans with young students. Through this mentorship program, the indigenous people hope to preserve their way of life as they have for centuries past. With the medicinal plant knowledge disappearing fast among most indigenous groups and no one to write it down, the true losers in the end are tragically the indigenous stakeholders themselves, said Herndon. The methodology developed by the Matss and Acat can be a template for other indigenous cultures to safeguard their ancestral knowledge. Comments: Hugh Baker Top Commenter The priority for people supporting the Matss should be to copyright the encyclopaedia in as many jurisdictions as possible, protecting both the medicinal knowledge and the biological/botanical information, species of plants, fungi, insects and animals that occur in the range of the tribe. Any pharmacological corporations wishing to capitalize on the knowledge would have to pay royalties to the Matss, and would also need to consult with the Matss in a meaningful interaction about how they intend to exploit whatever resource in which the company expresses an interest. (http://news.mongabay.com. Adaptado.) Quais as sugestes apresentadas por Hugh Baker em seu comentrio ao texto?

(UNESP - 2016/2 - 2 fase) Gender Inequality Index (GII) Gender inequality remains a major barrier to human development. Girls and women have made major strides since 1990, but they have not yet gained gender equity. The disadvantages facing women and girls are a major source of inequality. All too often, women and girls are discriminated against in health, education, political representation, and labour market with negative repercussions for development of their capabilities and their freedom of choice. The GII is an inequality index. It measures gender inequalities in three important aspects of human development reproductive health, measured by maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rates; empowerment, measured by proportion of parliamentary seats occupied by females and proportion of adult females and males aged 25 years and older with at least some secondary education; and economic status, expressed as labour market participation and measured by labour force participation rate of female and male populations aged 15 years and older. The GII is built on the same framework as the IHDI (Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index) to better expose differences in the distribution of achievements between women and men. It measures the human development costs of gender inequality, thus the higher the GII value the more disparities between females and males and the more loss to human development. The GII sheds new light on the position of women in 155 countries; it yields insights in gender gaps in major areas of human development. The component indicators highlight areas in need of critical policy intervention and it stimulates proactive thinking and public policy to overcome systematic disadvantages of women. (http://hdr.undp.org. Adaptado.) Segundo o ltimo pargrafo, para que serve o ndice de Desigualdade de Gnero (GII)?

(UNESP - 2016/2 - 2 fase) Gender Inequality Index (GII) Gender inequality remains a major barrier to human development. Girls and women have made major strides since 1990, but they have not yet gained gender equity. The disadvantages facing women and girls are a major source of inequality. All too often, women and girls are discriminated against in health, education, political representation, and labour market with negative repercussions for development of their capabilities and their freedom of choice. The GII is an inequality index. It measures gender inequalities in three important aspects of human development reproductive health, measured by maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rates; empowerment, measured by proportion of parliamentary seats occupied by females and proportion of adult females and males aged 25 years and older with at least some secondary education; and economic status, expressed as labour market participation and measured by labour force participation rate of female and male populations aged 15 years and older. The GII is built on the same framework as the IHDI (Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index) to better expose differences in the distribution of achievements between women and men. It measures the human development costs of gender inequality, thus the higher the GII value the more disparities between females and males and the more loss to human development. The GII sheds new light on the position of women in 155 countries; it yields insights in gender gaps in major areas of human development. The component indicators highlight areas in need of critical policy intervention and it stimulates proactive thinking and public policy to overcome systematic disadvantages of women. (http://hdr.undp.org. Adaptado.) Em que reas h, geralmente, discriminao de mulheres e de meninas e quais so as suas consequncias?

(UNESP - 2016/2 - 2 fase) Gender Inequality Index (GII) Gender inequality remains a major barrier to human development. Girls and women have made major strides since 1990, but they have not yet gained gender equity. The disadvantages facing women and girls are a major source of inequality. All too often, women and girls are discriminated against in health, education, political representation, and labour market with negative repercussions for development of their capabilities and their freedom of choice. The GII is an inequality index. It measures gender inequalities in three important aspects of human development reproductive health, measured by maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rates; empowerment, measured by proportion of parliamentary seats occupied by females and proportion of adult females and males aged 25 years and older with at least some secondary education; and economic status, expressed as labour market participation and measured by labour force participation rate of female and male populations aged 15 years and older. The GII is built on the same framework as the IHDI (Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index) to better expose differences in the distribution of achievements between women and men. It measures the human development costs of gender inequality, thus the higher the GII value the more disparities between females and males and the more loss to human development. The GII sheds new light on the position of women in 155 countries; it yields insights in gender gaps in major areas of human development. The component indicators highlight areas in need of critical policy intervention and it stimulates proactive thinking and public policy to overcome systematic disadvantages of women. (http://hdr.undp.org. Adaptado.) Em termos de situao econmica, como a desigualdade de gnero se expressa e como medida?

(UNESP - 2016/2 - 2 fase) Can you see a duck or a rabbit? Apparently this optical illusion says a lot about your creativity Michael Morrow February 15, 2016 This classic optical illusion says a lot about your brain, psychologists claim. More than 100 years after it was first created, this image is once again sparking a huge reaction after being shared on social media. Some see a rabbit and some see a duck, but some people can see both alternatively. The drawing first appeared in a German magazine in 1892 and was first used by American psychologist Joseph Jastrow soon after. UKs Independent reports that Jastrow used the image to make the point that perception is not only what one sees but also a mental activity. Jastrows research was based on how quickly one can see the second animal and how fast participants could change their perception of the drawing to switch between the two animals. His research suggests the quicker you can do this, the more creative you are. This optical illusion is just one of many that have gone viral on social media over the past year. (www.news.com.au. Adaptado.) O que o psiclogo Joseph Jastrow pretendia comprovar com sua pesquisa e no que ela se baseou?