(ITA - 2003 -1a fase)What is life? To the physicis

(ITA - 2003 -1a fase)

What is life? To the physicist the two distinguishing
features of living systems are complexity and
organization. Even a simple single-celled organism, primitive
as it is, displays an intricacy and fidelity unmatched
by any product of human ingenuity. Consider, for
example, a lowly bacterium. Close inspection reveals a
complex network of function and form. The bacterium
may interact with its environment in a variety of ways,
propelling itself, attacking enemies, moving towards or
away from external stimuli, exchanging material in a
controlled fashion. Its internal workings resemble a
vast city in organization. Much of the control rests with
the cell nucleus, wherein is also contained the genetic
‘code’, the chemical blue print that enables the bacterium
to replicate. The chemical structures that control
and direct all this activity may involve molecules with
as many as a million atoms strung together in a complicated
yet highly specific way. (...)
It is important to appreciate that a biological organism
is made from perfectly ordinary atoms. (...) An
atom of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, or phosphorus inside
a living cell is no different from a similar atom outside,

and there is a steady stream of such atoms passing
into and out of all biological organisms. Clearly,
then, life cannot be reduced to a property of an organism’s
constituent parts. Life is not a cumulative phenomenon
like, for example, weight. For though we
may not doubt that a cat or a geranium is living, we
would search in vain for any sign that an individual catatom
or geranium-atom is living.
Sometimes this appears paradoxical. How can a
collection of inanimate atoms be animate? Some people
have argued that it is impossible to build life out of
non-life, so there must be an additional, non-material,
ingredient within all living things – a life-force – or spiritual
essence which owes its origin, ultimately, to
God. This is the ancient doctrine of vitalism.
An argument frequently used in support of vitalism
concerns behaviour. A characteristic feature of living
things is that they appear to behave in a purposive
way, as though towards a specific end.
 

PAUL DAVIES. God and the New Physics. N.Y. – Simon & Schuster, Inc.,1984.

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