Questões de Inglês - UNESP 2015 | Gabarito e resoluções

(UNESP - 2015/2 - 1 FASE) Oxfam study finds richest 1% is likely to control half of global wealth by 2016 By Patricia Cohen January 19, 2015 The worlds business elite will meet this week at the annual World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. Credit Jean-Christophe Bott/European Pressphoto Agency The richest 1 percent is likely to control more than half of the globes total wealth bynext year, the anti-poverty charity Oxfam reported in a study released on Monday. The warningabout deepening global inequality comes just as the worlds business elite prepare to meet thisweek at the annual World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. The 80 wealthiest people in the world altogether own 1.9 trillion dollars, the report found,nearly the same amount shared by the 3.5 billion people who occupy the bottom half of theworlds income scale. (Last year, it took 85 billionaires to equal that figure.) And the richest 1percent of the population controls nearly half of the worlds total wealth, a share that is alsoincreasing. The type of inequality that currently characterizes the worlds economies is unlikeanything seen in recent years, the report explained. Between 2002 and 2010 the total wealth ofthe poorest half of the world in current U.S. dollars had been increasing more or less at thesame rate as that of billionaires, it said. However since 2010, it has been decreasing over thattime. Winnie Byanyima, the charitys executive director, noted in a statement that more than abillion people lived on less than $1.25 a day. Do we really want to live in a world where the 1percent own more than the rest of us combined? Ms. Byanyima said. The scale of global inequality is quite simply staggering. Investors with interests in finance, insurance and health saw the biggest windfalls,Oxfam said. Using data from Forbes magazines list of billionaires, it said those listed as havinginterests in the pharmaceutical and health care industries saw their net worth jump by 47percent. The charity credited those individuals rapidly growing fortunes in part to multimilliondollarlobbying campaigns to protect and enhance their interests. (www.nytimes.com. Adaptado.) No trecho do terceiro pargrafo However since 2010, it has been decreasingover that time., o termo however pode ser substitudo, sem alterao de sentido, por:

(UNESP - 2015/2 - 1 FASE) Oxfam study finds richest 1% is likely to control half of global wealth by 2016 By Patricia Cohen January 19, 2015 The worlds business elite will meet this week at the annual World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. Credit Jean-Christophe Bott/European Pressphoto Agency The richest 1 percent is likely to control more than half of the globes total wealth bynext year, the anti-poverty charity Oxfam reported in a study released on Monday. The warningabout deepening global inequality comes just as the worlds business elite prepare to meet thisweek at the annual World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. The 80 wealthiest people in the world altogether own 1.9 trillion dollars, the report found,nearly the same amount shared by the 3.5 billion people who occupy the bottom half of theworlds income scale. (Last year, it took 85 billionaires to equal that figure.) And the richest 1percent of the population controls nearly half of the worlds total wealth, a share that is alsoincreasing. The type of inequality that currently characterizes the worlds economies is unlikeanything seen in recent years, the report explained. Between 2002 and 2010 the total wealth ofthe poorest half of the world in current U.S. dollars had been increasing more or less at thesame rate as that of billionaires, it said. However since 2010, it has been decreasing over thattime. Winnie Byanyima, the charitys executive director, noted in a statement that more than abillion people lived on less than $1.25 a day. Do we really want to live in a world where the 1percent own more than the rest of us combined? Ms. Byanyima said. The scale of global inequality is quite simply staggering. Investors with interests in finance, insurance and health saw the biggest windfalls,Oxfam said. Using data from Forbes magazines list of billionaires, it said those listed as havinginterests in the pharmaceutical and health care industries saw their net worth jump by 47percent. The charity credited those individuals rapidly growing fortunes in part to multimilliondollarlobbying campaigns to protect and enhance their interests. (www.nytimes.com. Adaptado.) A partir das informaes apresentadas sobre o relatrio da Oxfam, a resposta esperada por Winnie Byanyima sua pergunta Do we really want to live in a world where the 1 percent own more than the rest of us combined? seria:

(UNESP - 2015 - 1 FASE )Leia o texto para responder s questes de nmeros 24 a 30. Pediatric group advises parents to read to kids June 26, 2014 By Amy Graff Reading Go Dog Go to your 6 month old might seem like wasted time because shes more likely to eat the book than help you turn the pages, but a statement released by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) this week says reading in the early years is essential. Reading out loud gets parents talking to their babies and the sound of an adults voice stimulates that tiny yet rapidly growing brain. In the statement, the academy advises pediatricians to tell parents to read books to their children from birth. Reading regularly with young children stimulates optimal patterns of brain development and strengthens parent-child relationships at a critical time in child development, which, in turn, builds language, literacy, and social-emotional skills that last a lifetime. Research shows that a childs brain develops faster between 0 and 3 than at any other time in life, making the early years a critical time for babies to hear rich oral language. The more words children hear directed at them by parents and caregivers, the more they learn. While many babies are read Goodnight Moon and The Very Hungry Caterpillar every night before bed, others never get a chance to pat the bunny. Studies reveal that children from low-income, less-educated families have significantly fewer books than their more affluent peers. By age 4, children in poverty hear 30 million fewer words than those in higher-income households. These dramatic gaps result in significant learning disadvantages that persist into adulthood. The AAP hopes the new guidelines will encourage all parents to start reading from day one. Research shows that when pediatricians talk with parents about reading, moms and dads are more likely to fill their home with books and read. Also, to help get more parents reading, the AAP is partnering with organizations such as Scholastic and Too Small to Fail to help get reading materials to new families who need books the most. This is the first time the AAP has made a recommendation on childrens literary education and it seems the timing might be just right as more and more parents are leaning on screens and electronic gadget to occupy their babies. The reality of todays world is that were competing with portable digital media, Dr. Alanna Levine, a pediatrician in Orangeburg, N.Y., told The New York Times. So you really want to arm parents with tools and rationale behind it about why its important to stick to the basics of things like books. (http://blog.seattlepi.com. Adaptado.) No trecho do terceiro pargrafo By age 4, children in poverty hear 30 million fewer words than those in higher-income households., o termo em destaque se refere s crianas

(UNESP - 2015 - 1 FASE )Leia o texto para responder s questes de nmeros 24 a 30. Pediatric group advises parents to read to kids June 26, 2014 By Amy Graff Reading Go Dog Go to your 6 month old might seem like wasted time because shes more likely to eat the book than help you turn the pages, but a statement released by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) this week says reading in the early years is essential. Reading out loud gets parents talking to their babies and the sound of an adults voice stimulates that tiny yet rapidly growing brain. In the statement, the academy advises pediatricians to tell parents to read books to their children from birth. Reading regularly with young children stimulates optimal patterns of brain development and strengthens parent-child relationships at a critical time in child development, which, in turn, builds language, literacy, and social-emotional skills that last a lifetime. Research shows that a childs brain develops faster between 0 and 3 than at any other time in life, making the early years a critical time for babies to hear rich oral language. The more words children hear directed at them by parents and caregivers, the more they learn. While many babies are read Goodnight Moon and The Very Hungry Caterpillar every night before bed, others never get a chance to pat the bunny. Studies reveal that children from low-income, less-educated families have significantly fewer books than their more affluent peers. By age 4, children in poverty hear 30 million fewer words than those in higher-income households. These dramatic gaps result in significant learning disadvantages that persist into adulthood. The AAP hopes the new guidelines will encourage all parents to start reading from day one. Research shows that when pediatricians talk with parents about reading, moms and dads are more likely to fill their home with books and read. Also, to help get more parents reading, the AAP is partnering with organizations such as Scholastic and Too Small to Fail to help get reading materials to new families who need books the most. This is the first time the AAP has made a recommendation on childrens literary education and it seems the timing might be just right as more and more parents are leaning on screens and electronic gadget to occupy their babies. The reality of todays world is that were competing with portable digital media, Dr. Alanna Levine, a pediatrician in Orangeburg, N.Y., told The New York Times. So you really want to arm parents with tools and rationale behind it about why its important to stick to the basics of things like books. (http://blog.seattlepi.com. Adaptado.) O trecho do ltimo pargrafo its important to stick to the basics of things like books pode ser entendido como:

(UNESP - 2015/2 - 1 FASE) Oxfam study finds richest 1% is likely to control half of global wealth by 2016 By Patricia Cohen January 19, 2015 The worlds business elite will meet this week at the annual World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. Credit Jean-Christophe Bott/European Pressphoto Agency The richest 1 percent is likely to control more than half of the globes total wealth bynext year, the anti-poverty charity Oxfam reported in a study released on Monday. The warningabout deepening global inequality comes just as the worlds business elite prepare to meet thisweek at the annual World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. The 80 wealthiest people in the world altogether own 1.9 trillion dollars, the report found,nearly the same amount shared by the 3.5 billion people who occupy the bottom half of theworlds income scale. (Last year, it took 85 billionaires to equal that figure.) And the richest 1percent of the population controls nearly half of the worlds total wealth, a share that is alsoincreasing. The type of inequality that currently characterizes the worlds economies is unlikeanything seen in recent years, the report explained. Between 2002 and 2010 the total wealth ofthe poorest half of the world in current U.S. dollars had been increasing more or less at thesame rate as that of billionaires, it said. However since 2010, it has been decreasing over thattime. Winnie Byanyima, the charitys executive director, noted in a statement that more than abillion people lived on less than $1.25 a day. Do we really want to live in a world where the 1percent own more than the rest of us combined? Ms. Byanyima said. The scale of global inequality is quite simply staggering. Investors with interests in finance, insurance and health saw the biggest windfalls,Oxfam said. Using data from Forbes magazines list of billionaires, it said those listed as havinginterests in the pharmaceutical and health care industries saw their net worth jump by 47percent. The charity credited those individuals rapidly growing fortunes in part to multimilliondollarlobbying campaigns to protect and enhance their interests. (www.nytimes.com. Adaptado.) No contexto do ltimo pargrafo, o sentido do termo windfalls em Investors with interests in finance, insurance and health saw the biggest windfalls equivale, em portugus, a

(UNESP - 2015/2 - 2 fase - Questo 33) Brazil finds coffee protein with morphine effect January 26, 2015 Brazilian scientists have discovered a protein in coffee that has effects similar to pain reliever morphine, researchers at the state University of Brasilia (UnB) and state-owned Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation Embrapa said Saturday. Embrapa said its genetics and biotech division, teaming up with UnB scientists, had discovered previously unknown protein fragments with morphine-like effects in that they possess analgesic and mildly tranquilizing qualities. The company added tests on laboratory mice showed that the opioid peptides, which are naturally occurring biological molecules, appeared to have a longer-lasting effect on the mice than morphine itself. Embrapa said the discovery has biotechnological potential for the health foods industry and could also help to alleviate stress in animals bound for the slaughterhouse. In 2004, Embrapa managed to sequence coffees functional genome, a major step towards efforts by the firm and UnB to combine coffee genes with a view to improving grain quality. (www.news.com.au. Adaptado.) Quais os efeitos da protena descoberta no caf?

(UNESP - 2015/2 - 2 fase - Questo 34) Brazil finds coffee protein with morphine effect January 26, 2015 Brazilian scientists have discovered a protein in coffee that has effects similar to pain reliever morphine, researchers at the state University of Brasilia (UnB) and state-owned Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation Embrapa said Saturday. Embrapa said its genetics and biotech division, teaming up with UnB scientists, had discovered previously unknown protein fragments with morphine-like effects in that they possess analgesic and mildly tranquilizing qualities. The company added tests on laboratory mice showed that the opioid peptides, which are naturally occurring biological molecules, appeared to have a longer-lasting effect on the mice than morphine itself. Embrapa said the discovery has biotechnological potential for the health foods industry and could also help to alleviate stress in animals bound for the slaughterhouse. In 2004, Embrapa managed to sequence coffees functional genome, a major step towards efforts by the firm and UnB to combine coffee genes with a view to improving grain quality. (www.news.com.au. Adaptado.) Quais so as possveis aplicaes prticas da descoberta?

(UNESP - 2015/2 - 2 fase - Questo 35) The value of celebrity endorsements December 11, 2014 , by Rob Boffard Singer Sophie Ellis-Bextor has had her Danz Spas hot tub since 2011 The glamorous world of celebrities can seem a very long way away if you are a small business in the East Midlands with just four members of staff. So you can understand why Daniel Thomas, founder of Nottingham-based Danz Spas, was somewhat surprised three years ago when he was approached by a representative for pop star Sophie Ellis-Bextor. The singer was said to be looking to buy a hot tub, and was wondering if she and Danz Spas could come to a business relationship she would be happy to endorse and promote the company, if it could offer her a good deal. Mr Thomas, 26, was quick to realise that he had just been offered a fantastic opportunity. We knew that having someone like that associated with the name would do good things, he says. Were effectively a business nobody has ever heard of, and were trying to convince people to spend 5,000 without ever seeing us. Thats an incredibly hard thing to do. We thought that having Sophie would help with some of the credibility issues. And so, in return for Ms Ellis-Bextor discussing how much she likes her hot tub in a video on Danzs website, and also praising the firm on her Twitter feed, she received a significant discount. Mr Thomas, who launched the business when he was 18, says that having the endorsement from the singer helped the company see its annual turnover go above 1m. (www.bbc.com. Adaptado.) Que acordo comercial o representante da cantora pop ofereceu ao fundador da empresa Danz Spas?

(UNESP - 2015/2 - 2 fase - Questo 36) The value of celebrity endorsements December 11, 2014 , by Rob Boffard Singer Sophie Ellis-Bextor has had her Danz Spas hot tub since 2011 The glamorous world of celebrities can seem a very long way away if you are a small business in the East Midlands with just four members of staff. So you can understand why Daniel Thomas, founder of Nottingham-based Danz Spas, was somewhat surprised three years ago when he was approached by a representative for pop star Sophie Ellis-Bextor. The singer was said to be looking to buy a hot tub, and was wondering if she and Danz Spas could come to a business relationship she would be happy to endorse and promote the company, if it could offer her a good deal. Mr Thomas, 26, was quick to realise that he had just been offered a fantastic opportunity. We knew that having someone like that associated with the name would do good things, he says. Were effectively a business nobody has ever heard of, and were trying to convince people to spend 5,000 without ever seeing us. Thats an incredibly hard thing to do. We thought that having Sophie would help with some of the credibility issues. And so, in return for Ms Ellis-Bextor discussing how much she likes her hot tub in a video on Danzs website, and also praising the firm on her Twitter feed, she received a significant discount. Mr Thomas, who launched the business when he was 18, says that having the endorsement from the singer helped the company see its annual turnover go above 1m. (www.bbc.com. Adaptado.) Por que o acordo foi benfico para ambas as partes?

(UNESP - 2015 - 2 FASE) From child hunger to obesity: Brazils new health scourge Daniele Bassi May 19, 2014 Since it was established in 1982, the Brazilian NGO Pastoral da Criana used weight to ascertain whether a child was unhealthy. Recently, that had to change when they started to see more and more obesity in poor communities. As we started noticing some children were overweight, we had to change our practices entirely, says nutritionist Paula Pizzatto. Now height and the BMI [body mass index] are also taken into consideration. When Pastoral da Criana first started its work, malnutrition and lack of basic childcare were the cause of high infant mortality rates 8.3% in 1980. By engaging and training community leaders to carry out regular visits to local families, the organisation encouraged more breastfeeding and prenatal care. At the same time, the governments zero hunger programme took millions of Brazilians out of extreme poverty and more than halved the rates of child mortality. According to the World Food Programme, hunger affects only 6.9% of Brazils population now. However, these impressive statistics do not mean that most Brazilians are healthy. The last figures released by the health ministry show that 51% of countrys population are overweight and one in three children age five to nine is overweight. A cash transfer scheme called Bolsa Famlia allowed many who were once excluded from the free market to become consumers. Parents who were undernourished as children can now put a bottle of Coca-Cola on theirtables. It is a matter of status. They feel proud, says Pizzato. Companies quickly understood there was a market of new consumers to explore. Door-to-door selling of affordable products as well as tailor-made payment options allowed slum dwellers and remote communities to get food without travelling to the supermarket, so processed products became more accessible than fresh fruit and vegetables. Most people in the poorest communities in Brazil are under-educated, making them more vulnerable to advertising. For instance, Nestles floating supermarket navigates the Amazon with a powerful market campaign that claims to offer access to nutrition, health and wellbeing to the remote community of the north region. But it mainly sells yoghurts, ice cream and chocolate. Quality of the food is now more of an issue than access to it, says Arnoldo de Campos, secretary for the National Secretariat for Food and Nutritional Security. We still have a small fraction of people that dont have access to food, in isolated rural areas or indigenous communities, but the most serious problem now is obesity. Pastorals follow-up nutritional programme focuses on the first 1,000 days of life of the infant, including the time he or she is in the womb. Providing healthy nutrition during this first stage of life is essential to prevent both malnutrition and obesity. The programme is still new and has only been introduced in 23 of the 27 Brazilian states. So far, we have nearly 13,000 children under the nutritional programme, says Pizzato. Around 11% are overweight or obese and about 2% are undernourished. A lack of playgrounds in needy communities and national maternity leave of only four months, which means that babies cannot be breastfed exclusively for the first six months, contributes to the problem. The full results of the nutritional programme havent been published yet, but Pastoral is very aware of the challenges that lie ahead. It is easier to introduce a new feeding habit when dealing with malnutrition, but it is definitely more difficult to correct existing ones, when the entire family is involved, said Pizzatto. The government recognises the seriousness of the problem. In 2011, it created the Intersectoral Strategy for Control and Prevention of Obesity, which started, among other things, the promotion of health feeding habits in public schools. But despite all the efforts, combating obesity will be an arduous task. We have a poorly legislated production system which is addicted to bad-quality food and unregulated advertising practices, says de Campos. For instance, the latest Coca-Cola slogan is open happiness, for a soft drink full of sugar. It is more difficult to tackle obesity than hunger. (www.theguardian.com. Adaptado.) Segundo o texto, que critrios a ONG Pastoral da Criana utiliza atualmente para avaliar a sade das crianas?

(UNESP - 2015 - 2 FASE) From child hunger to obesity: Brazils new health scourge Daniele Bassi May 19, 2014 Since it was established in 1982, the Brazilian NGO Pastoral da Criana used weight to ascertain whether a child was unhealthy. Recently, that had to change when they started to see more and more obesity in poor communities. As we started noticing some children were overweight, we had to change our practices entirely, says nutritionist Paula Pizzatto. Now height and the BMI [body mass index] are also taken into consideration. When Pastoral da Criana first started its work, malnutrition and lack of basic childcare were the cause of high infant mortality rates 8.3% in 1980. By engaging and training community leaders to carry out regular visits to local families, the organisation encouraged more breastfeeding and prenatal care. At the same time, the governments zero hunger programme took millions of Brazilians out of extreme poverty and more than halved the rates of child mortality. According to the World Food Programme, hunger affects only 6.9% of Brazils population now. However, these impressive statistics do not mean that most Brazilians are healthy. The last figures released by the health ministry show that 51% of countrys population are overweight and one in three children age five to nine is overweight. A cash transfer scheme called Bolsa Famlia allowed many who were once excluded from the free market to become consumers. Parents who were undernourished as children can now put a bottle of Coca-Cola on theirtables. It is a matter of status. They feel proud, says Pizzato. Companies quickly understood there was a market of new consumers to explore. Door-to-door selling of affordable products as well as tailor-made payment options allowed slum dwellers and remote communities to get food without travelling to the supermarket, so processed products became more accessible than fresh fruit and vegetables. Most people in the poorest communities in Brazil are under-educated, making them more vulnerable to advertising. For instance, Nestles floating supermarket navigates the Amazon with a powerful market campaign that claims to offer access to nutrition, health and wellbeing to the remote community of the north region. But it mainly sells yoghurts, ice cream and chocolate. Quality of the food is now more of an issue than access to it, says Arnoldo de Campos, secretary for the National Secretariat for Food and Nutritional Security. We still have a small fraction of people that dont have access to food, in isolated rural areas or indigenous communities, but the most serious problem now is obesity. Pastorals follow-up nutritional programme focuses on the first 1,000 days of life of the infant, including the time he or she is in the womb. Providing healthy nutrition during this first stage of life is essential to prevent both malnutrition and obesity. The programme is still new and has only been introduced in 23 of the 27 Brazilian states. So far, we have nearly 13,000 children under the nutritional programme, says Pizzato. Around 11% are overweight or obese and about 2% are undernourished. A lack of playgrounds in needy communities and national maternity leave of only four months, which means that babies cannot be breastfed exclusively for the first six months, contributes to the problem. The full results of the nutritional programme havent been published yet, but Pastoral is very aware of the challenges that lie ahead. It is easier to introduce a new feeding habit when dealing with malnutrition, but it is definitely more difficult to correct existing ones, when the entire family is involved, said Pizzatto. The government recognises the seriousness of the problem. In 2011, it created the Intersectoral Strategy for Control and Prevention of Obesity, which started, among other things, the promotion of health feeding habits in public schools. But despite all the efforts, combating obesity will be an arduous task. We have a poorly legislated production system which is addicted to bad-quality food and unregulated advertising practices, says de Campos. For instance, the latest Coca-Cola slogan is open happiness, for a soft drink full of sugar. It is more difficult to tackle obesity than hunger. (www.theguardian.com. Adaptado.) Segundo o texto, que estratgias as empresas de produtos alimentcios industrializados usam para atrair os novos consumidores includos no mercado pelo programa de transferncia de renda Bolsa Famlia?

(UNESP - 2015 - 2 FASE) From child hunger to obesity: Brazils new health scourge Daniele Bassi May 19, 2014 Since it was established in 1982, the Brazilian NGO Pastoral da Criana used weight to ascertain whether a child was unhealthy. Recently, that had to change when they started to see more and more obesity in poor communities. As we started noticing some children were overweight, we had to change our practices entirely, says nutritionist Paula Pizzatto. Now height and the BMI [body mass index] are also taken into consideration. When Pastoral da Criana first started its work, malnutrition and lack of basic childcare were the cause of high infant mortality rates 8.3% in 1980. By engaging and training community leaders to carry out regular visits to local families, the organisation encouraged more breastfeeding and prenatal care. At the same time, the governments zero hunger programme took millions of Brazilians out of extreme poverty and more than halved the rates of child mortality. According to the World Food Programme, hunger affects only 6.9% of Brazils population now. However, these impressive statistics do not mean that most Brazilians are healthy. The last figures released by the health ministry show that 51% of countrys population are overweight and one in three children age five to nine is overweight. A cash transfer scheme called Bolsa Famlia allowed many who were once excluded from the free market to become consumers. Parents who were undernourished as children can now put a bottle of Coca-Cola on theirtables. It is a matter of status. They feel proud, says Pizzato. Companies quickly understood there was a market of new consumers to explore. Door-to-door selling of affordable products as well as tailor-made payment options allowed slum dwellers and remote communities to get food without travelling to the supermarket, so processed products became more accessible than fresh fruit and vegetables. Most people in the poorest communities in Brazil are under-educated, making them more vulnerable to advertising. For instance, Nestles floating supermarket navigates the Amazon with a powerful market campaign that claims to offer access to nutrition, health and wellbeing to the remote community of the north region. But it mainly sells yoghurts, ice cream and chocolate. Quality of the food is now more of an issue than access to it, says Arnoldo de Campos, secretary for the National Secretariat for Food and Nutritional Security. We still have a small fraction of people that dont have access to food, in isolated rural areas or indigenous communities, but the most serious problem now is obesity. Pastorals follow-up nutritional programme focuses on the first 1,000 days of life of the infant, including the time he or she is in the womb. Providing healthy nutrition during this first stage of life is essential to prevent both malnutrition and obesity. The programme is still new and has only been introduced in 23 of the 27 Brazilian states. So far, we have nearly 13,000 children under the nutritional programme, says Pizzato. Around 11% are overweight or obese and about 2% are undernourished. A lack of playgrounds in needy communities and national maternity leave of only four months, which means that babies cannot be breastfed exclusively for the first six months, contributes to the problem. The full results of the nutritional programme havent been published yet, but Pastoral is very aware of the challenges that lie ahead. It is easier to introduce a new feeding habit when dealing with malnutrition, but it is definitely more difficult to correct existing ones, when the entire family is involved, said Pizzatto. The government recognises the seriousness of the problem. In 2011, it created the Intersectoral Strategy for Control and Prevention of Obesity, which started, among other things, the promotion of health feeding habits in public schools. But despite all the efforts, combating obesity will be an arduous task. We have a poorly legislated production system which is addicted to bad-quality food and unregulated advertising practices, says de Campos. For instance, the latest Coca-Cola slogan is open happiness, for a soft drink full of sugar. It is more difficult to tackle obesity than hunger. (www.theguardian.com. Adaptado.) Leia os dois ltimos pargrafos e cite quatro fatores que contribuem para o aumento da obesidade infantil.

(UNESP - 2015 - 2 FASE) From child hunger to obesity: Brazils new health scourge Daniele Bassi May 19, 2014 Since it was established in 1982, the Brazilian NGO Pastoral da Criana used weight to ascertain whether a child was unhealthy. Recently, that had to change when they started to see more and more obesity in poor communities. As we started noticing some children were overweight, we had to change our practices entirely, says nutritionist Paula Pizzatto. Now height and the BMI [body mass index] are also taken into consideration. When Pastoral da Criana first started its work, malnutrition and lack of basic childcare were the cause of high infant mortality rates 8.3% in 1980. By engaging and training community leaders to carry out regular visits to local families, the organisation encouraged more breastfeeding and prenatal care. At the same time, the governments zero hunger programme took millions of Brazilians out of extreme poverty and more than halved the rates of child mortality. According to the World Food Programme, hunger affects only 6.9% of Brazils population now. However, these impressive statistics do not mean that most Brazilians are healthy. The last figures released by the health ministry show that 51% of countrys population are overweight and one in three children age five to nine is overweight. A cash transfer scheme called Bolsa Famlia allowed many who were once excluded from the free market to become consumers. Parents who were undernourished as children can now put a bottle of Coca-Cola on theirtables. It is a matter of status. They feel proud, says Pizzato. Companies quickly understood there was a market of new consumers to explore. Door-to-door selling of affordable products as well as tailor-made payment options allowed slum dwellers and remote communities to get food without travelling to the supermarket, so processed products became more accessible than fresh fruit and vegetables. Most people in the poorest communities in Brazil are under-educated, making them more vulnerable to advertising. For instance, Nestles floating supermarket navigates the Amazon with a powerful market campaign that claims to offer access to nutrition, health and wellbeing to the remote community of the north region. But it mainly sells yoghurts, ice cream and chocolate. Quality of the food is now more of an issue than access to it, says Arnoldo de Campos, secretary for the National Secretariat for Food and Nutritional Security. We still have a small fraction of people that dont have access to food, in isolated rural areas or indigenous communities, but the most serious problem now is obesity. Pastorals follow-up nutritional programme focuses on the first 1,000 days of life of the infant, including the time he or she is in the womb. Providing healthy nutrition during this first stage of life is essential to prevent both malnutrition and obesity. The programme is still new and has only been introduced in 23 of the 27 Brazilian states. So far, we have nearly 13,000 children under the nutritional programme, says Pizzato. Around 11% are overweight or obese and about 2% are undernourished. A lack of playgrounds in needy communities and national maternity leave of only four months, which means that babies cannot be breastfed exclusively for the first six months, contributes to the problem. The full results of the nutritional programme havent been published yet, but Pastoral is very aware of the challenges that lie ahead. It is easier to introduce a new feeding habit when dealing with malnutrition, but it is definitely more difficult to correct existing ones, when the entire family is involved, said Pizzatto. The government recognises the seriousness of the problem. In 2011, it created the Intersectoral Strategy for Control and Prevention of Obesity, which started, among other things, the promotion of health feeding habits in public schools. But despite all the efforts, combating obesity will be an arduous task. We have a poorly legislated production system which is addicted to bad-quality food and unregulated advertising practices, says de Campos. For instance, the latest Coca-Cola slogan is open happiness, for a soft drink full of sugar. It is more difficult to tackle obesity than hunger. (www.theguardian.com. Adaptado.) Segundo o texto, que aes por parte do Governo Federal e da Pastoral da Criana podem ter ajudado a diminuir a taxa de mortalidade infantil?