Questões de Inglês - AFA | Gabarito e resoluções

(AFA - 2014) ETHICS OF WAR Human beings have been fighting each other since prehistoric times, and people have been discussing the rights and wrongs of it for almost as long. The Ethics of War starts by assuming that war is 5a bad thing, and should be avoided if possible, but it recognizes that there can be situations when war may be the lesser evil of several bad choices. War is a bad thing because it involves deliberately killing or injuring people, and this is a 10fundamental wrong an abuse of the victims human rights. The purpose of war ethics is to help decide what is right or wrong, both for individuals and countries, and to contribute to debates on public policy, and ultimately to 15government and individual action. War ethics also leads to the creation of formal codes of war (e.g. the Hague and Geneva conventions), the drafting and implementation of rules of engagement for soldiers, and in the punishment of soldiers and others 20for war crimes. The three key questions are: Is it ever right to go to war? When is it right to fight? What is the moral way to conduct a war? 25 The discussion of the ethics of war goes back to the Greeks and Romans, although neither civilization behaved particularly well in war. In the Christian tradition war ethics were developed by St Augustine, and later by St Thomas 30Aquinas and others. Hugo Grotius (1583-1645), a Dutch philosopher and author of De Jure Belli Ac Pacis (The Rights of War and Peace), wrote down the conditions for a just war that are accepted today. 35 Cicero argued that there was no acceptable reason for war outside of just revenge or self-defence in which he included the defence of honor. He also argued that a war could not be just unless it was publicly declared and unless compensation 40for the enemys offence had first been demanded. Cicero based his argument on the assumption that nature and human reason influenced a society against war, and that there was a fundamental code of behavior for nations. Adapted from http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/war/. Shtml Acessado em 14/03/2013 The verbal construction of the underlined sentence in the text expresses the notion of an action

(AFA - 2014) ETHICS OF WAR Human beings have been fighting each other since prehistoric times, and people have been discussing the rights and wrongs of it for almost as long. The Ethics of War starts by assuming that war is 5a bad thing, and should be avoided if possible, but it recognizes that there can be situations when war may be the lesser evil of several bad choices. War is a bad thing because it involves deliberately killing or injuring people, and this is a 10fundamental wrong an abuse of the victims human rights. The purpose of war ethics is to help decide what is right or wrong, both for individuals and countries, and to contribute to debates on public policy, and ultimately to 15government and individual action. War ethics also leads to the creation of formal codes of war (e.g. the Hague and Geneva conventions), the drafting and implementation of rules of engagement for soldiers, and in the punishment of soldiers and others 20for war crimes. The three key questions are: Is it ever right to go to war? When is it right to fight? What is the moral way to conduct a war? 25 The discussion of the ethics of war goes back to the Greeks and Romans, although neither civilization behaved particularly well in war. In the Christian tradition war ethics were developed by St Augustine, and later by St Thomas 30Aquinas and others. Hugo Grotius (1583-1645), a Dutch philosopher and author of De Jure Belli Ac Pacis (The Rights of War and Peace), wrote down the conditions for a just war that are accepted today. 35 Cicero argued that there was no acceptable reason for war outside of just revenge or self-defence in which he included the defence of honor. He also argued that a war could not be just unless it was publicly declared and unless compensation 40for the enemys offence had first been demanded. Cicero based his argument on the assumption that nature and human reason influenced a society against war, and that there was a fundamental code of behavior for nations. Adapted from http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/war/. Shtml Acessado em 14/03/2013 Mark the only sentence below that has the same function of the Modal verb in bold (line 6).

(AFA - 2014) SEPTEMBER 11 On September 11, 2001, nineteen militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda hijacked four airlines and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States. Two of the planes 5were flown into the towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, a third plane hit the Pentagon just outside Washington, D.C., and the fourth plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania. Often referred to as 9/11, the attacks resulted in extensive death and destruction, activating 10major U.S. initiatives to combat terrorism and defining the presidency of George W. Bush. Over three thousand people were killed during the attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C., including more than four hundred police officers and firefighters. 15 At 8:45 a.m., on a clear Tuesday morning, an American Airlines Boeing 767 loaded with twenty thousand gallons of jet fuel crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. The impact left a wide, burning hole near the 80th floor of the 110- 20story skyscraper, instantly killing hundreds of people and trapping hundreds more in higher floors. Eighteen minutes after the first plane hit, a second Boeing 767 United Airlines Flight 175appeared out of the sky, turned sharply toward the World Trade Center and 25crashed into the south tower near the 60th floor. The collision caused a massive explosion that showered burning fragment over surrounding buildings and the streets below. America was under attack. The attackers were Islamic terrorists from Saudi 30Arabia and several other Arab nations. Reportedly financed by Saudi fugitive Osama bin Ladens al-Qaeda terrorist organization, they _____________(1) in retaliation for Americas support of Israel, its involvement in the Persian Gulf War and its continued military 35presence in the Middle East. Some of the terrorists had lived in the United States for more than a year and _____________(2) flying lessons at American commercial flight schools. As millions watched the events unfolding in New 40York, American Airlines Flight 77 circled over downtown Washington, D.C., and banged into the west side of the Pentagon military headquarters at 9:45 a.m. Jet fuel from the Boeing 757 caused a devastating inferno that led to the structural collapse of a portion of the giant concrete 45building. Less than fifteen minutes after the terrorists struck the nerve center of the U.S. military, the horror in New York took a catastrophic turn for the worse when the south tower of the World Trade Center collapsed in a massive cloud of dust and smoke. At 10:30 a.m., the 50other Trade Center tower collapsed. Close to three thousand people died in the World Trade Center and its vicinity, including an impressive three hundred and forty three firefighters and paramedics, twenty three New York City police officers and thirty seven Port Authority police 55officers who were struggling to complete an evacuation of the buildings and save the office workers trapped* on higher floors. Meanwhile, a fourth California-bound plane United Flight 93was hijacked about forty minutes after 60leaving Newark International Airport in New Jersey. Because the plane had been delayed in taking off, passengers on board learned of events in New York and Washington via cell phone calls to the ground. Knowing that the aircraft was not returning to an airport as the 65hijackers claimed, a group of passengers and flight attendants planned a rebellion. One of the passengers, Thomas Burnett Jr., told his wife over the phone that I know were all going to die. There are three of us who are going to do something about it. I love you, honey. 70Another passengerTodd Beamerwas heard saying Are you guys ready? Lets roll over an open line. The passengers fought the four hijackers and are suspected to have attacked the cockpit with a fire extinguisher. The plane then flipped over and sped 75toward the ground, crashing in a rural field in western Pennsylvania at 10:10 a.m. All forty-five people aboard were killed. Within two months, U.S. forces had effectively removed the Taliban from operational power, but the war continued. Osama bin Laden, was finally 80chased and killed by U.S. forces in Abbottabad, Pakistan. Adapted from http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks Acessado em 04/04/2013 Glossary: *Trapped to be in a bad situation that is difficult to escape. Choose the alternative containing the correct verbal tenses to complete the gaps (1) and (2) in the text.

(AFA - 2014) SEPTEMBER 11 On September 11, 2001, nineteen militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda hijacked four airlines and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States. Two of the planes 5were flown into the towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, a third plane hit the Pentagon just outside Washington, D.C., and the fourth plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania. Often referred to as 9/11, the attacks resulted in extensive death and destruction, activating 10major U.S. initiatives to combat terrorism and defining the presidency of George W. Bush. Over three thousand people were killed during the attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C., including more than four hundred police officers and firefighters. 15 At 8:45 a.m., on a clear Tuesday morning, an American Airlines Boeing 767 loaded with twenty thousand gallons of jet fuel crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. The impact left a wide, burning hole near the 80th floor of the 110- 20story skyscraper, instantly killing hundreds of people and trapping hundreds more in higher floors. Eighteen minutes after the first plane hit, a second Boeing 767 United Airlines Flight 175appeared out of the sky, turned sharply toward the World Trade Center and 25crashed into the south tower near the 60th floor. The collision caused a massive explosion that showered burning fragment over surrounding buildings and the streets below. America was under attack. The attackers were Islamic terrorists from Saudi 30Arabia and several other Arab nations. Reportedly financed by Saudi fugitive Osama bin Ladens al-Qaeda terrorist organization, they _____________(1) in retaliation for Americas support of Israel, its involvement in the Persian Gulf War and its continued military 35presence in the Middle East. Some of the terrorists had lived in the United States for more than a year and _____________(2) flying lessons at American commercial flight schools. As millions watched the events unfolding in New 40York, American Airlines Flight 77 circled over downtown Washington, D.C., and banged into the west side of the Pentagon military headquarters at 9:45 a.m. Jet fuel from the Boeing 757 caused a devastating inferno that led to the structural collapse of a portion of the giant concrete 45building. Less than fifteen minutes after the terrorists struck the nerve center of the U.S. military, the horror in New York took a catastrophic turn for the worse when the south tower of the World Trade Center collapsed in a massive cloud of dust and smoke. At 10:30 a.m., the 50other Trade Center tower collapsed. Close to three thousand people died in the World Trade Center and its vicinity, including an impressive three hundred and forty three firefighters and paramedics, twenty three New York City police officers and thirty seven Port Authority police 55officers who were struggling to complete an evacuation of the buildings and save the office workers trapped* on higher floors. Meanwhile, a fourth California-bound plane United Flight 93was hijacked about forty minutes after 60leaving Newark International Airport in New Jersey. Because the plane had been delayed in taking off, passengers on board learned of events in New York and Washington via cell phone calls to the ground. Knowing that the aircraft was not returning to an airport as the 65hijackers claimed, a group of passengers and flight attendants planned a rebellion. One of the passengers, Thomas Burnett Jr., told his wife over the phone that I know were all going to die. There are three of us who are going to do something about it. I love you, honey. 70Another passengerTodd Beamerwas heard saying Are you guys ready? Lets roll over an open line. The passengers fought the four hijackers and are suspected to have attacked the cockpit with a fire extinguisher. The plane then flipped over and sped 75toward the ground, crashing in a rural field in western Pennsylvania at 10:10 a.m. All forty-five people aboard were killed. Within two months, U.S. forces had effectively removed the Taliban from operational power, but the war continued. Osama bin Laden, was finally 80chased and killed by U.S. forces in Abbottabad, Pakistan. Adapted from http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks Acessado em 04/04/2013 Glossary: *Trapped to be in a bad situation that is difficult to escape. One of the main reasons of the Al Qaeda attacks was

(AFA - 2014) SEPTEMBER 11 On September 11, 2001, nineteen militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda hijacked four airlines and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States. Two of the planes 5were flown into the towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, a third plane hit the Pentagon just outside Washington, D.C., and the fourth plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania. Often referred to as 9/11, the attacks resulted in extensive death and destruction, activating 10major U.S. initiatives to combat terrorism and defining the presidency of George W. Bush. Over three thousand people were killed during the attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C., including more than four hundred police officers and firefighters. 15 At 8:45 a.m., on a clear Tuesday morning, an American Airlines Boeing 767 loaded with twenty thousand gallons of jet fuel crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. The impact left a wide, burning hole near the 80th floor of the 110- 20story skyscraper, instantly killing hundreds of people and trapping hundreds more in higher floors. Eighteen minutes after the first plane hit, a second Boeing 767 United Airlines Flight 175appeared out of the sky, turned sharply toward the World Trade Center and 25crashed into the south tower near the 60th floor. The collision caused a massive explosion that showered burning fragment over surrounding buildings and the streets below. America was under attack. The attackers were Islamic terrorists from Saudi 30Arabia and several other Arab nations. Reportedly financed by Saudi fugitive Osama bin Ladens al-Qaeda terrorist organization, they _____________(1) in retaliation for Americas support of Israel, its involvement in the Persian Gulf War and its continued military 35presence in the Middle East. Some of the terrorists had lived in the United States for more than a year and _____________(2) flying lessons at American commercial flight schools. As millions watched the events unfolding in New 40York, American Airlines Flight 77 circled over downtown Washington, D.C., and banged into the west side of the Pentagon military headquarters at 9:45 a.m. Jet fuel from the Boeing 757 caused a devastating inferno that led to the structural collapse of a portion of the giant concrete 45building. Less than fifteen minutes after the terrorists struck the nerve center of the U.S. military, the horror in New York took a catastrophic turn for the worse when the south tower of the World Trade Center collapsed in a massive cloud of dust and smoke. At 10:30 a.m., the 50other Trade Center tower collapsed. Close to three thousand people died in the World Trade Center and its vicinity, including an impressive three hundred and forty three firefighters and paramedics, twenty three New York City police officers and thirty seven Port Authority police 55officers who were struggling to complete an evacuation of the buildings and save the office workers trapped* on higher floors. Meanwhile, a fourth California-bound plane United Flight 93was hijacked about forty minutes after 60leaving Newark International Airport in New Jersey. Because the plane had been delayed in taking off, passengers on board learned of events in New York and Washington via cell phone calls to the ground. Knowing that the aircraft was not returning to an airport as the 65hijackers claimed, a group of passengers and flight attendants planned a rebellion. One of the passengers, Thomas Burnett Jr., told his wife over the phone that I know were all going to die. There are three of us who are going to do something about it. I love you, honey. 70Another passengerTodd Beamerwas heard saying Are you guys ready? Lets roll over an open line. The passengers fought the four hijackers and are suspected to have attacked the cockpit with a fire extinguisher. The plane then flipped over and sped 75toward the ground, crashing in a rural field in western Pennsylvania at 10:10 a.m. All forty-five people aboard were killed. Within two months, U.S. forces had effectively removed the Taliban from operational power, but the war continued. Osama bin Laden, was finally 80chased and killed by U.S. forces in Abbottabad, Pakistan. Adapted from http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks Acessado em 04/04/2013 Consider the following statements based on the text. I. Almost three thousand people were saved in the World Trade Center. II. The hijackers of the United Flight 93 plane circled over downtown in Washington, D.C. III. A fire extinguisher is supposed to be the weapon used by the passengers to attack the hijackers. IV. The North tower was the second giant concrete building to collapse. The correct ones are only

(AFA - 2014) SEPTEMBER 11 On September 11, 2001, nineteen militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda hijacked four airlines and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States. Two of the planes 5were flown into the towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, a third plane hit the Pentagon just outside Washington, D.C., and the fourth plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania. Often referred to as 9/11, the attacks resulted in extensive death and destruction, activating 10major U.S. initiatives to combat terrorism and defining the presidency of George W. Bush. Over three thousand people were killed during the attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C., including more than four hundred police officers and firefighters. 15 At 8:45 a.m., on a clear Tuesday morning, an American Airlines Boeing 767 loaded with twenty thousand gallons of jet fuel crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. The impact left a wide, burning hole near the 80th floor of the 110- 20story skyscraper, instantly killing hundreds of people and trapping hundreds more in higher floors. Eighteen minutes after the first plane hit, a second Boeing 767 United Airlines Flight 175appeared out of the sky, turned sharply toward the World Trade Center and 25crashed into the south tower near the 60th floor. The collision caused a massive explosion that showered burning fragment over surrounding buildings and the streets below. America was under attack. The attackers were Islamic terrorists from Saudi 30Arabia and several other Arab nations. Reportedly financed by Saudi fugitive Osama bin Ladens al-Qaeda terrorist organization, they _____________(1) in retaliation for Americas support of Israel, its involvement in the Persian Gulf War and its continued military 35presence in the Middle East. Some of the terrorists had lived in the United States for more than a year and _____________(2) flying lessons at American commercial flight schools. As millions watched the events unfolding in New 40York, American Airlines Flight 77 circled over downtown Washington, D.C., and banged into the west side of the Pentagon military headquarters at 9:45 a.m. Jet fuel from the Boeing 757 caused a devastating inferno that led to the structural collapse of a portion of the giant concrete 45building. Less than fifteen minutes after the terrorists struck the nerve center of the U.S. military, the horror in New York took a catastrophic turn for the worse when the south tower of the World Trade Center collapsed in a massive cloud of dust and smoke. At 10:30 a.m., the 50other Trade Center tower collapsed. Close to three thousand people died in the World Trade Center and its vicinity, including an impressive three hundred and forty three firefighters and paramedics, twenty three New York City police officers and thirty seven Port Authority police 55officers who were struggling to complete an evacuation of the buildings and save the office workers trapped* on higher floors. Meanwhile, a fourth California-bound plane United Flight 93was hijacked about forty minutes after 60leaving Newark International Airport in New Jersey. Because the plane had been delayed in taking off, passengers on board learned of events in New York and Washington via cell phone calls to the ground. Knowing that the aircraft was not returning to an airport as the 65hijackers claimed, a group of passengers and flight attendants planned a rebellion. One of the passengers, Thomas Burnett Jr., told his wife over the phone that I know were all going to die. There are three of us who are going to do something about it. I love you, honey. 70Another passengerTodd Beamerwas heard saying Are you guys ready? Lets roll over an open line. The passengers fought the four hijackers and are suspected to have attacked the cockpit with a fire extinguisher. The plane then flipped over and sped 75toward the ground, crashing in a rural field in western Pennsylvania at 10:10 a.m. All forty-five people aboard were killed. Within two months, U.S. forces had effectively removed the Taliban from operational power, but the war continued. Osama bin Laden, was finally 80chased and killed by U.S. forces in Abbottabad, Pakistan. Adapted from http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks Acessado em 04/04/2013 Glossary: *Trapped to be in a bad situation that is difficult to escape. According to the text, some terrorists had lived in the United States for more than a year []. It means that the terrorists

(AFA - 2014) SEPTEMBER 11 On September 11, 2001, nineteen militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda hijacked four airlines and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States. Two of the planes 5were flown into the towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, a third plane hit the Pentagon just outside Washington, D.C., and the fourth plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania. Often referred to as 9/11, the attacks resulted in extensive death and destruction, activating 10major U.S. initiatives to combat terrorism and defining the presidency of George W. Bush. Over three thousand people were killed during the attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C., including more than four hundred police officers and firefighters. 15 At 8:45 a.m., on a clear Tuesday morning, an American Airlines Boeing 767 loaded with twenty thousand gallons of jet fuel crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. The impact left a wide, burning hole near the 80th floor of the 110- 20story skyscraper, instantly killing hundreds of people and trapping hundreds more in higher floors. Eighteen minutes after the first plane hit, a second Boeing 767 United Airlines Flight 175appeared out of the sky, turned sharply toward the World Trade Center and 25crashed into the south tower near the 60th floor. The collision caused a massive explosion that showered burning fragment over surrounding buildings and the streets below. America was under attack. The attackers were Islamic terrorists from Saudi 30Arabia and several other Arab nations. Reportedly financed by Saudi fugitive Osama bin Ladens al-Qaeda terrorist organization, they _____________(1) in retaliation for Americas support of Israel, its involvement in the Persian Gulf War and its continued military 35presence in the Middle East. Some of the terrorists had lived in the United States for more than a year and _____________(2) flying lessons at American commercial flight schools. As millions watched the events unfolding in New 40York, American Airlines Flight 77 circled over downtown Washington, D.C., and banged into the west side of the Pentagon military headquarters at 9:45 a.m. Jet fuel from the Boeing 757 caused a devastating inferno that led to the structural collapse of a portion of the giant concrete 45building. Less than fifteen minutes after the terrorists struck the nerve center of the U.S. military, the horror in New York took a catastrophic turn for the worse when the south tower of the World Trade Center collapsed in a massive cloud of dust and smoke. At 10:30 a.m., the 50other Trade Center tower collapsed. Close to three thousand people died in the World Trade Center and its vicinity, including an impressive three hundred and forty three firefighters and paramedics, twenty three New York City police officers and thirty seven Port Authority police 55officers who were struggling to complete an evacuation of the buildings and save the office workers trapped* on higher floors. Meanwhile, a fourth California-bound plane United Flight 93was hijacked about forty minutes after 60leaving Newark International Airport in New Jersey. Because the plane had been delayed in taking off, passengers on board learned of events in New York and Washington via cell phone calls to the ground. Knowing that the aircraft was not returning to an airport as the 65hijackers claimed, a group of passengers and flight attendants planned a rebellion. One of the passengers, Thomas Burnett Jr., told his wife over the phone that I know were all going to die. There are three of us who are going to do something about it. I love you, honey. 70Another passengerTodd Beamerwas heard saying Are you guys ready? Lets roll over an open line. The passengers fought the four hijackers and are suspected to have attacked the cockpit with a fire extinguisher. The plane then flipped over and sped 75toward the ground, crashing in a rural field in western Pennsylvania at 10:10 a.m. All forty-five people aboard were killed. Within two months, U.S. forces had effectively removed the Taliban from operational power, but the war continued. Osama bin Laden, was finally 80chased and killed by U.S. forces in Abbottabad, Pakistan. Adapted from http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks Acessado em 04/04/2013 Glossary: *Trapped to be in a bad situation that is difficult to escape. The word meanwhile (paragraph 5) indicates in the text that

(AFA - 2014) SEPTEMBER 11 On September 11, 2001, nineteen militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda hijacked four airlines and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States. Two of the planes 5were flown into the towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, a third plane hit the Pentagon just outside Washington, D.C., and the fourth plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania. Often referred to as 9/11, the attacks resulted in extensive death and destruction, activating 10major U.S. initiatives to combat terrorism and defining the presidency of George W. Bush. Over three thousand people were killed during the attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C., including more than four hundred police officers and firefighters. 15 At 8:45 a.m., on a clear Tuesday morning, an American Airlines Boeing 767 loaded with twenty thousand gallons of jet fuel crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. The impact left a wide, burning hole near the 80th floor of the 110- 20story skyscraper, instantly killing hundreds of people and trapping hundreds more in higher floors. Eighteen minutes after the first plane hit, a second Boeing 767 United Airlines Flight 175appeared out of the sky, turned sharply toward the World Trade Center and 25crashed into the south tower near the 60th floor. The collision caused a massive explosion that showered burning fragment over surrounding buildings and the streets below. America was under attack. The attackers were Islamic terrorists from Saudi 30Arabia and several other Arab nations. Reportedly financed by Saudi fugitive Osama bin Ladens al-Qaeda terrorist organization, they _____________(1) in retaliation for Americas support of Israel, its involvement in the Persian Gulf War and its continued military 35presence in the Middle East. Some of the terrorists had lived in the United States for more than a year and _____________(2) flying lessons at American commercial flight schools. As millions watched the events unfolding in New 40York, American Airlines Flight 77 circled over downtown Washington, D.C., and banged into the west side of the Pentagon military headquarters at 9:45 a.m. Jet fuel from the Boeing 757 caused a devastating inferno that led to the structural collapse of a portion of the giant concrete 45building. Less than fifteen minutes after the terrorists struck the nerve center of the U.S. military, the horror in New York took a catastrophic turn for the worse when the south tower of the World Trade Center collapsed in a massive cloud of dust and smoke. At 10:30 a.m., the 50other Trade Center tower collapsed. Close to three thousand people died in the World Trade Center and its vicinity, including an impressive three hundred and forty three firefighters and paramedics, twenty three New York City police officers and thirty seven Port Authority police 55officers who were struggling to complete an evacuation of the buildings and save the office workers trapped* on higher floors. Meanwhile, a fourth California-bound plane United Flight 93was hijacked about forty minutes after 60leaving Newark International Airport in New Jersey. Because the plane had been delayed in taking off, passengers on board learned of events in New York and Washington via cell phone calls to the ground. Knowing that the aircraft was not returning to an airport as the 65hijackers claimed, a group of passengers and flight attendants planned a rebellion. One of the passengers, Thomas Burnett Jr., told his wife over the phone that I know were all going to die. There are three of us who are going to do something about it. I love you, honey. 70Another passengerTodd Beamerwas heard saying Are you guys ready? Lets roll over an open line. The passengers fought the four hijackers and are suspected to have attacked the cockpit with a fire extinguisher. The plane then flipped over and sped 75toward the ground, crashing in a rural field in western Pennsylvania at 10:10 a.m. All forty-five people aboard were killed. Within two months, U.S. forces had effectively removed the Taliban from operational power, but the war continued. Osama bin Laden, was finally 80chased and killed by U.S. forces in Abbottabad, Pakistan. Adapted from http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks Acessado em 04/04/2013 Glossary: *Trapped to be in a bad situation that is difficult to escape. The verb learned (line 62) has the same meaning as

(AFA - 2014) SEPTEMBER 11 On September 11, 2001, nineteen militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda hijacked four airlines and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States. Two of the planes 5were flown into the towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, a third plane hit the Pentagon just outside Washington, D.C., and the fourth plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania. Often referred to as 9/11, the attacks resulted in extensive death and destruction, activating 10major U.S. initiatives to combat terrorism and defining the presidency of George W. Bush. Over three thousand people were killed during the attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C., including more than four hundred police officers and firefighters. 15 At 8:45 a.m., on a clear Tuesday morning, an American Airlines Boeing 767 loaded with twenty thousand gallons of jet fuel crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. The impact left a wide, burning hole near the 80th floor of the 110- 20story skyscraper, instantly killing hundreds of people and trapping hundreds more in higher floors. Eighteen minutes after the first plane hit, a second Boeing 767 United Airlines Flight 175appeared out of the sky, turned sharply toward the World Trade Center and 25crashed into the south tower near the 60th floor. The collision caused a massive explosion that showered burning fragment over surrounding buildings and the streets below. America was under attack. The attackers were Islamic terrorists from Saudi 30Arabia and several other Arab nations. Reportedly financed by Saudi fugitive Osama bin Ladens al-Qaeda terrorist organization, they _____________(1) in retaliation for Americas support of Israel, its involvement in the Persian Gulf War and its continued military 35presence in the Middle East. Some of the terrorists had lived in the United States for more than a year and _____________(2) flying lessons at American commercial flight schools. As millions watched the events unfolding in New 40York, American Airlines Flight 77 circled over downtown Washington, D.C., and banged into the west side of the Pentagon military headquarters at 9:45 a.m. Jet fuel from the Boeing 757 caused a devastating inferno that led to the structural collapse of a portion of the giant concrete 45building. Less than fifteen minutes after the terrorists struck the nerve center of the U.S. military, the horror in New York took a catastrophic turn for the worse when the south tower of the World Trade Center collapsed in a massive cloud of dust and smoke. At 10:30 a.m., the 50other Trade Center tower collapsed. Close to three thousand people died in the World Trade Center and its vicinity, including an impressive three hundred and forty three firefighters and paramedics, twenty three New York City police officers and thirty seven Port Authority police 55officers who were struggling to complete an evacuation of the buildings and save the office workers trapped* on higher floors. Meanwhile, a fourth California-bound plane United Flight 93was hijacked about forty minutes after 60leaving Newark International Airport in New Jersey. Because the plane had been delayed in taking off, passengers on board learned of events in New York and Washington via cell phone calls to the ground. Knowing that the aircraft was not returning to an airport as the 65hijackers claimed, a group of passengers and flight attendants planned a rebellion. One of the passengers, Thomas Burnett Jr., told his wife over the phone that I know were all going to die. There are three of us who are going to do something about it. I love you, honey. 70Another passengerTodd Beamerwas heard saying Are you guys ready? Lets roll over an open line. The passengers fought the four hijackers and are suspected to have attacked the cockpit with a fire extinguisher. The plane then flipped over and sped 75toward the ground, crashing in a rural field in western Pennsylvania at 10:10 a.m. All forty-five people aboard were killed. Within two months, U.S. forces had effectively removed the Taliban from operational power, but the war continued. Osama bin Laden, was finally 80chased and killed by U.S. forces in Abbottabad, Pakistan. Adapted from http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks Acessado em 04/04/2013 Glossary: *Trapped to be in a bad situation that is difficult to escape. The sentence Thomas Burnett Jr. told his wife over the phone that I know that were all going to die is similar in meaning to Thomas Burnett Jr.

(AFA - 2014) SEPTEMBER 11 On September 11, 2001, nineteen militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda hijacked four airlines and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States. Two of the planes 5were flown into the towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, a third plane hit the Pentagon just outside Washington, D.C., and the fourth plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania. Often referred to as 9/11, the attacks resulted in extensive death and destruction, activating 10major U.S. initiatives to combat terrorism and defining the presidency of George W. Bush. Over three thousand people were killed during the attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C., including more than four hundred police officers and firefighters. 15 At 8:45 a.m., on a clear Tuesday morning, an American Airlines Boeing 767 loaded with twenty thousand gallons of jet fuel crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. The impact left a wide, burning hole near the 80th floor of the 110- 20story skyscraper, instantly killing hundreds of people and trapping hundreds more in higher floors. Eighteen minutes after the first plane hit, a second Boeing 767 United Airlines Flight 175appeared out of the sky, turned sharply toward the World Trade Center and 25crashed into the south tower near the 60th floor. The collision caused a massive explosion that showered burning fragment over surrounding buildings and the streets below. America was under attack. The attackers were Islamic terrorists from Saudi 30Arabia and several other Arab nations. Reportedly financed by Saudi fugitive Osama bin Ladens al-Qaeda terrorist organization, they _____________(1) in retaliation for Americas support of Israel, its involvement in the Persian Gulf War and its continued military 35presence in the Middle East. Some of the terrorists had lived in the United States for more than a year and _____________(2) flying lessons at American commercial flight schools. As millions watched the events unfolding in New 40York, American Airlines Flight 77 circled over downtown Washington, D.C., and banged into the west side of the Pentagon military headquarters at 9:45 a.m. Jet fuel from the Boeing 757 caused a devastating inferno that led to the structural collapse of a portion of the giant concrete 45building. Less than fifteen minutes after the terrorists struck the nerve center of the U.S. military, the horror in New York took a catastrophic turn for the worse when the south tower of the World Trade Center collapsed in a massive cloud of dust and smoke. At 10:30 a.m., the 50other Trade Center tower collapsed. Close to three thousand people died in the World Trade Center and its vicinity, including an impressive three hundred and forty three firefighters and paramedics, twenty three New York City police officers and thirty seven Port Authority police 55officers who were struggling to complete an evacuation of the buildings and save the office workers trapped* on higher floors. Meanwhile, a fourth California-bound plane United Flight 93was hijacked about forty minutes after 60leaving Newark International Airport in New Jersey. Because the plane had been delayed in taking off, passengers on board learned of events in New York and Washington via cell phone calls to the ground. Knowing that the aircraft was not returning to an airport as the 65hijackers claimed, a group of passengers and flight attendants planned a rebellion. One of the passengers, Thomas Burnett Jr., told his wife over the phone that I know were all going to die. There are three of us who are going to do something about it. I love you, honey. 70Another passengerTodd Beamerwas heard saying Are you guys ready? Lets roll over an open line. The passengers fought the four hijackers and are suspected to have attacked the cockpit with a fire extinguisher. The plane then flipped over and sped 75toward the ground, crashing in a rural field in western Pennsylvania at 10:10 a.m. All forty-five people aboard were killed. Within two months, U.S. forces had effectively removed the Taliban from operational power, but the war continued. Osama bin Laden, was finally 80chased and killed by U.S. forces in Abbottabad, Pakistan. Adapted from http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks Acessado em 04/04/2013 Glossary: *Trapped to be in a bad situation that is difficult to escape. Mark the right option to complete the statement. If the plane hadnt been delayed in taking off, the passengers __________ about the events in New York and Washington.

(AFA - 2013) TEXT I BRAZILIAN AIR FORCE ACADEMY AFA (Air Force Academy), located at Pirassununga, State of So Paulo, is responsible for the training of Pilots, Administrative and Aeronautics Infantry Officers for the Brazilian Air Force. The history of the Brazilian military pilots schools goes back to 1913, when theBrazilian Aviation Schoolwas founded, atCampo dos Afonsos, State of Rio de Janeiro. Its mission was to provide instruction at similar levels to those of the best European schools at the time;BlriotandFarmanaircraft, made in France, were available for the instruction of the pupils. The Great War 1914-1918, however, forced its instructors to leave and the school was closed. At that time, both theBrazilian ArmyandNavyhad their own air arms, theMilitary Aviationand theNaval Aviation. The Navy boughtCurtiss Fseaplanes in May 1916 to equip the latter, and in August of the same year, theNaval Aviation Schoolwas created. The Military Aviation, however, only activated itsMilitary Aviation Schoolafter the Great War, on 10 July 1919. Among the aircrafts used at the school, one could find theSopwith 1A2,Brguet 14A2, andSpad 7. Until the beginning of the 1940s, both schools continued with their activities.1The Brazilian Government was concerned with the air war in Europe and decided to concentrate under a single command the military aviation activities.6Thus, on 20 January 1941, the Air Ministry was created and both the Army and Navy air arms were disbanded, their personnel and equipment forming theBrazilian Air Force. On 25 March 1941, theAeronautics Schoolwas based at Campo dos Afonsos, and its students became known asAeronautics Cadetsfrom 1943 to the current days. As early as 1942, it became clear that theAeronautics Schoolwould need to be transferred to another place, offering better climate and little interference with the flight instruction of the future pilots.2The town of Pirassununga was chosen among others, and, in 1952, the first buildings construction was initiated. The transfer of the School activities to Pirassununga occurred from 1960 to 1971.3The School was redesigned as theAir Force Academyin 1969. The motto of the Academy is the Latin expression Macte Animo! Generose Puer, sic itur ad astra, extracted from the poemThebaida, by the Roman poet Tatius. It is an exhortation to the cadets, which can be translated asCourage! This is the way, oh noble youngster, to the stars. The instruction of theAeronautics Cadets, during the four-year-long course, has its activities centred in the wordsCOURAGE LOYALTY HONOUR DUTY MOTHERLAND. The future officers take courses on several subjects, including Calculus, Computer Science, Mechanics, Portuguese and English, given by civilian lecturers, Air Force instructors and supervisors. The military instruction itself is given on a daily basis, and4the Cadets are trained on different subjects, including parachuting, and sea and jungle survival. Flight instruction at the Academy with T-27 Tucano aircraft. According to the chosen specialization, the Cadet will receive specific instruction: Pilots: Instruction on precision maneuvering, aerobatics, formation flying and by instruments, with 75 flying hours on the primary/basic training aircraft T-25 Universal, beginning on the 2nd term of the 1st year and completed in the 3rd year. Advanced training is given on T-27 Tucano aircraft, with 125 flying hours. Administrative: Training on the scientific and technological modern foundations of economics and financial management, and logistics training. Aeronautics Infantry: Instruction on defense and security techniques of militaryAeronauticsinstallations, anti-aircraft measures, command of troops and firefighting teams, military laws and regulations, armament usage, military service and call-up procedures. During their leisure time, the Cadets participate on the activities of seven different clubs:Aeromodelling,Literature,Informatics,Firearms shooting,Gauchos Heritage(for those coming from the South of Brazil),Gerais ClubandSail Flying. The clubs are directed by the Cadets themselves, under supervision of Air Force officers. The Academy also houses theBrazilian Air Force Air Demonstration Squadron The Smoke Squadron. Flying as the eagles do! Adapted from http://www.rudnei.cunha.nom.br/FAB/en/afa.html Mark the option that is related to the Air Force Academy.

(AFA - 2013) TEXT I BRAZILIAN AIR FORCE ACADEMY AFA (Air Force Academy), located at Pirassununga, State of So Paulo, is responsible for the training of Pilots, Administrative and Aeronautics Infantry Officers for the Brazilian Air Force. The history of the Brazilian military pilots schools goes back to 1913, when theBrazilian Aviation Schoolwas founded, atCampo dos Afonsos, State of Rio de Janeiro. Its mission was to provide instruction at similar levels to those of the best European schools at the time;BlriotandFarmanaircraft, made in France, were available for the instruction of the pupils. The Great War 1914-1918, however, forced its instructors to leave and the school was closed. At that time, both theBrazilian ArmyandNavyhad their own air arms, theMilitary Aviationand theNaval Aviation. The Navy boughtCurtiss Fseaplanes in May 1916 to equip the latter, and in August of the same year, theNaval Aviation Schoolwas created. The Military Aviation, however, only activated itsMilitary Aviation Schoolafter the Great War, on 10 July 1919. Among the aircrafts used at the school, one could find theSopwith 1A2,Brguet 14A2, andSpad 7. Until the beginning of the 1940s, both schools continued with their activities.1The Brazilian Government was concerned with the air war in Europe and decided to concentrate under a single command the military aviation activities.6Thus, on 20 January 1941, the Air Ministry was created and both the Army and Navy air arms were disbanded, their personnel and equipment forming theBrazilian Air Force. On 25 March 1941, theAeronautics Schoolwas based at Campo dos Afonsos, and its students became known asAeronautics Cadetsfrom 1943 to the current days. As early as 1942, it became clear that theAeronautics Schoolwould need to be transferred to another place, offering better climate and little interference with the flight instruction of the future pilots.2The town of Pirassununga was chosen among others, and, in 1952, the first buildings construction was initiated. The transfer of the School activities to Pirassununga occurred from 1960 to 1971.3The School was redesigned as theAir Force Academyin 1969. The motto of the Academy is the Latin expression Macte Animo! Generose Puer, sic itur ad astra, extracted from the poemThebaida, by the Roman poet Tatius. It is an exhortation to the cadets, which can be translated asCourage! This is the way, oh noble youngster, to the stars. The instruction of theAeronautics Cadets, during the four-year-long course, has its activities centred in the wordsCOURAGE LOYALTY HONOUR DUTY MOTHERLAND. The future officers take courses on several subjects, including Calculus, Computer Science, Mechanics, Portuguese and English, given by civilian lecturers, Air Force instructors and supervisors. The military instruction itself is given on a daily basis, and4the Cadets are trained on different subjects, including parachuting, and sea and jungle survival. Flight instruction at the Academy with T-27 Tucano aircraft. According to the chosen specialization, the Cadet will receive specific instruction: Pilots: Instruction on precision maneuvering, aerobatics, formation flying and by instruments, with 75 flying hours on the primary/basic training aircraft T-25 Universal, beginning on the 2nd term of the 1st year and completed in the 3rd year. Advanced training is given on T-27 Tucano aircraft, with 125 flying hours. Administrative: Training on the scientific and technological modern foundations of economics and financial management, and logistics training. Aeronautics Infantry: Instruction on defense and security techniques of militaryAeronauticsinstallations, anti-aircraft measures, command of troops and firefighting teams, military laws and regulations, armament usage, military service and call-up procedures. During their leisure time, the Cadets participate on the activities of seven different clubs:Aeromodelling,Literature,Informatics,Firearms shooting,Gauchos Heritage(for those coming from the South of Brazil),Gerais ClubandSail Flying. The clubs are directed by the Cadets themselves, under supervision of Air Force officers. The Academy also houses theBrazilian Air Force Air Demonstration Squadron The Smoke Squadron. Flying as the eagles do! Adapted from http://www.rudnei.cunha.nom.br/FAB/en/afa.html Read the statements in order to mark only the correct ones according to the text. I. The military aviation work had to be controlled by Europe in the beginning of the 1940s because of a war. II. Because of a war, the government resolved to unify the military aviation operation under a single command. III. A single officer was chosen to concentrate the military aviation skills. IV. As the Brazilian government got worried, it was decided to join the military aviation operations due to air European war.

(AFA - 2013) TEXT I BRAZILIAN AIR FORCE ACADEMY AFA (Air Force Academy), located at Pirassununga, State of So Paulo, is responsible for the training of Pilots, Administrative and Aeronautics Infantry Officers for the Brazilian Air Force. The history of the Brazilian military pilots schools goes back to 1913, when theBrazilian Aviation Schoolwas founded, atCampo dos Afonsos, State of Rio de Janeiro. Its mission was to provide instruction at similar levels to those of the best European schools at the time;BlriotandFarmanaircraft, made in France, were available for the instruction of the pupils. The Great War 1914-1918, however, forced its instructors to leave and the school was closed. At that time, both theBrazilian ArmyandNavyhad their own air arms, theMilitary Aviationand theNaval Aviation. The Navy boughtCurtiss Fseaplanes in May 1916 to equip the latter, and in August of the same year, theNaval Aviation Schoolwas created. The Military Aviation, however, only activated itsMilitary Aviation Schoolafter the Great War, on 10 July 1919. Among the aircrafts used at the school, one could find theSopwith 1A2,Brguet 14A2, andSpad 7. Until the beginning of the 1940s, both schools continued with their activities.1The Brazilian Government was concerned with the air war in Europe and decided to concentrate under a single command the military aviation activities.6Thus, on 20 January 1941, the Air Ministry was created and both the Army and Navy air arms were disbanded, their personnel and equipment forming theBrazilian Air Force. On 25 March 1941, theAeronautics Schoolwas based at Campo dos Afonsos, and its students became known asAeronautics Cadetsfrom 1943 to the current days. As early as 1942, it became clear that theAeronautics Schoolwould need to be transferred to another place, offering better climate and little interference with the flight instruction of the future pilots.2The town of Pirassununga was chosen among others, and, in 1952, the first buildings construction was initiated. The transfer of the School activities to Pirassununga occurred from 1960 to 1971.3The School was redesigned as theAir Force Academyin 1969. The motto of the Academy is the Latin expression Macte Animo! Generose Puer, sic itur ad astra, extracted from the poemThebaida, by the Roman poet Tatius. It is an exhortation to the cadets, which can be translated asCourage! This is the way, oh noble youngster, to the stars. The instruction of theAeronautics Cadets, during the four-year-long course, has its activities centred in the wordsCOURAGE LOYALTY HONOUR DUTY MOTHERLAND. The future officers take courses on several subjects, including Calculus, Computer Science, Mechanics, Portuguese and English, given by civilian lecturers, Air Force instructors and supervisors. The military instruction itself is given on a daily basis, and4the Cadets are trained on different subjects, including parachuting, and sea and jungle survival. Flight instruction at the Academy with T-27 Tucano aircraft. According to the chosen specialization, the Cadet will receive specific instruction: Pilots: Instruction on precision maneuvering, aerobatics, formation flying and by instruments, with 75 flying hours on the primary/basic training aircraft T-25 Universal, beginning on the 2nd term of the 1st year and completed in the 3rd year. Advanced training is given on T-27 Tucano aircraft, with 125 flying hours. Administrative: Training on the scientific and technological modern foundations of economics and financial management, and logistics training. Aeronautics Infantry: Instruction on defense and security techniques of militaryAeronauticsinstallations, anti-aircraft measures, command of troops and firefighting teams, military laws and regulations, armament usage, military service and call-up procedures. During their leisure time, the Cadets participate on the activities of seven different clubs:Aeromodelling,Literature,Informatics,Firearms shooting,Gauchos Heritage(for those coming from the South of Brazil),Gerais ClubandSail Flying. The clubs are directed by the Cadets themselves, under supervision of Air Force officers. The Academy also houses theBrazilian Air Force Air Demonstration Squadron The Smoke Squadron. Flying as the eagles do! Adapted from http://www.rudnei.cunha.nom.br/FAB/en/afa.html The last sentence from the text connotes a

(AFA - 2013) TEXT I BRAZILIAN AIR FORCE ACADEMY AFA (Air Force Academy), located at Pirassununga, State of So Paulo, is responsible for the training of Pilots, Administrative and Aeronautics Infantry Officers for the Brazilian Air Force. The history of the Brazilian military pilots schools goes back to 1913, when the Brazilian Aviation School was founded, at Campo dos Afonsos, State of Rio de Janeiro. Its mission was to provide instruction at similar levels to those of the best European schools at the time; Blriot and Farman aircraft, made in France, were available for the instruction of the pupils. The Great War 1914-1918, however, forced its instructors to leave and the school was closed. At that time, both the Brazilian Army and Navy had their own air arms, the Military Aviation and the Naval Aviation. The Navy bought Curtiss F seaplanes in May 1916 to equip the latter, and in August of the same year, the Naval Aviation School was created. The Military Aviation, however, only activated its Military Aviation School after the Great War, on 10 July 1919. Among the aircrafts used at the school, one could find the Sopwith 1A2, Brguet 14A2, and Spad 7. Until the beginning of the 1940s, both schools continued with their activities. 1The Brazilian Government was concerned with the air war in Europe and decided to concentrate under a single command the military aviation activities. 6Thus, on 20 January 1941, the Air Ministry was created and both the Army and Navy air arms were disbanded, their personnel and equipment forming the Brazilian Air Force. On 25 March 1941, the Aeronautics School was based at Campo dos Afonsos, and its students became known as Aeronautics Cadets from 1943 to the current days. As early as 1942, it became clear that the Aeronautics School would need to be transferred to another place, offering better climate and little interference with the flight instruction of the future pilots. 2The town of Pirassununga was chosen among others, and, in 1952, the first buildings construction was initiated. The transfer of the School activities to Pirassununga occurred from 1960 to 1971. 3The School was redesigned as the Air Force Academy in 1969. The motto of the Academy is the Latin expression Macte Animo! Generose Puer, sic itur ad astra, extracted from the poem Thebaida, by the Roman poet Tatius. It is an exhortation to the cadets, which can be translated as Courage! This is the way, oh noble youngster, to the stars. The instruction of the Aeronautics Cadets, during the four-year-long course, has its activities centred in the words COURAGE LOYALTY HONOUR DUTY MOTHERLAND. The future officers take courses on several subjects, including Calculus, Computer Science, Mechanics, Portuguese and English, given by civilian lecturers, Air Force instructors and supervisors. The military instruction itself is given on a daily basis, and 4the Cadets are trained on different subjects, including parachuting, and sea and jungle survival. Flight instruction at the Academy with T-27 Tucano aircraft. According to the chosen specialization, the Cadet will receive specific instruction: Pilots: Instruction on precision maneuvering, aerobatics, formation flying and by instruments, with 75 flying hours on the primary/basic training aircraft T-25 Universal, beginning on the 2nd term of the 1st year and completed in the 3rd year. Advanced training is given on T-27 Tucano aircraft, with 125 flying hours. Administrative: Training on the scientific and technological modern foundations of economics and financial management, and logistics training. Aeronautics Infantry: Instruction on defense and security techniques of military Aeronautics installations, anti-aircraft measures, command of troops and firefighting teams, military laws and regulations, armament usage, military service and call-up procedures. During their leisure time, the Cadets participate on the activities of seven different clubs: Aeromodelling, Literature, Informatics, Firearms shooting, Gauchos Heritage (for those coming from the South of Brazil), Gerais Club and Sail Flying. The clubs are directed by the Cadets themselves, under supervision of Air Force officers. The Academy also houses the Brazilian Air Force Air Demonstration Squadron The Smoke Squadron. Flying as the eagles do! Adapted from http://www.rudnei.cunha.nom.br/FAB/en/afa.html Mark the alternative that has the fragment from the text INCORRECTLY changed into Active Voice.

(AFA - 2013) TEXT I BRAZILIAN AIR FORCE ACADEMY AFA (Air Force Academy), located at Pirassununga, State of So Paulo, is responsible for the training of Pilots, Administrative and Aeronautics Infantry Officers for the Brazilian Air Force. The history of the Brazilian military pilots schools goes back to 1913, when theBrazilian Aviation Schoolwas founded, atCampo dos Afonsos, State of Rio de Janeiro. Its mission was to provide instruction at similar levels to those of the best European schools at the time;BlriotandFarmanaircraft, made in France, were available for the instruction of the pupils. The Great War 1914-1918, however, forced its instructors to leave and the school was closed. At that time, both theBrazilian ArmyandNavyhad their own air arms, theMilitary Aviationand theNaval Aviation. The Navy boughtCurtiss Fseaplanes in May 1916 to equip the latter, and in August of the same year, theNaval Aviation Schoolwas created. The Military Aviation, however, only activated itsMilitary Aviation Schoolafter the Great War, on 10 July 1919. Among the aircrafts used at the school, one could find theSopwith 1A2,Brguet 14A2, andSpad 7. Until the beginning of the 1940s, both schools continued with their activities.1The Brazilian Government was concerned with the air war in Europe and decided to concentrate under a single command the military aviation activities.6Thus, on 20 January 1941, the Air Ministry was created and both the Army and Navy air arms were disbanded, their personnel and equipment forming theBrazilian Air Force. On 25 March 1941, theAeronautics Schoolwas based at Campo dos Afonsos, and its students became known asAeronautics Cadetsfrom 1943 to the current days. As early as 1942, it became clear that theAeronautics Schoolwould need to be transferred to another place, offering better climate and little interference with the flight instruction of the future pilots.2The town of Pirassununga was chosen among others, and, in 1952, the first buildings construction was initiated. The transfer of the School activities to Pirassununga occurred from 1960 to 1971.3The School was redesigned as theAir Force Academyin 1969. The motto of the Academy is the Latin expression Macte Animo! Generose Puer, sic itur ad astra, extracted from the poemThebaida, by the Roman poet Tatius. It is an exhortation to the cadets, which can be translated asCourage! This is the way, oh noble youngster, to the stars. The instruction of theAeronautics Cadets, during the four-year-long course, has its activities centred in the wordsCOURAGE LOYALTY HONOUR DUTY MOTHERLAND. The future officers take courses on several subjects, including Calculus, Computer Science, Mechanics, Portuguese and English, given by civilian lecturers, Air Force instructors and supervisors. The military instruction itself is given on a daily basis, and4the Cadets are trained on different subjects, including parachuting, and sea and jungle survival. Flight instruction at the Academy with T-27 Tucano aircraft. According to the chosen specialization, the Cadet will receive specific instruction: Pilots: Instruction on precision maneuvering, aerobatics, formation flying and by instruments, with 75 flying hours on the primary/basic training aircraft T-25 Universal, beginning on the 2nd term of the 1st year and completed in the 3rd year. Advanced training is given on T-27 Tucano aircraft, with 125 flying hours. Administrative: Training on the scientific and technological modern foundations of economics and financial management, and logistics training. Aeronautics Infantry: Instruction on defense and security techniques of militaryAeronauticsinstallations, anti-aircraft measures, command of troops and firefighting teams, military laws and regulations, armament usage, military service and call-up procedures. During their leisure time, the Cadets participate on the activities of seven different clubs:Aeromodelling,Literature,Informatics,Firearms shooting,Gauchos Heritage(for those coming from the South of Brazil),Gerais ClubandSail Flying. The clubs are directed by the Cadets themselves, under supervision of Air Force officers. The Academy also houses theBrazilian Air Force Air Demonstration Squadron The Smoke Squadron. Flying as the eagles do! Adapted from http://www.rudnei.cunha.nom.br/FAB/en/afa.html We can infer from the text that among the different specializations