Questões de Inglês - AFA | Gabarito e resoluções

(AFA - 2020) Music therapy with cancer patients Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, in Germany and in many other industrialized countries. In 2007, about 12 million people were diagnosed with cancer worldwide with a mortality rate of 7.6 million (American Cancer Society, 2007). In the industrial countries, the most commonly diagnosed cancers in men are prostate cancer, lung cancer and colorectal cancer. Women are most commonly diagnosed with breast cancer, gastric cancer and lung cancer. The symptoms of cancer depend on the type of the disease, but there are common symptoms caused by cancer and/or by its medical treatment (e.g., chemotherapy and radiation). Common physical symptoms are pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, nausea (feeling sick, vomiting), dizziness, limited physical activity, hair loss, a sore mouth/throat and bowel problems. Cancer also often causes psychological problems such as depression, anxiety, mood disturbances, stress, insecurity, grief and decreased self-esteem. This, in turn, can implicate social consequences. Social isolation can occur due to physical or psychological symptoms (for example, feeling too tired to meet friends, cutting oneself off due to depressive complaints). Besides conventional pharmacological treatments of cancer, there are treatments to meet psychological and physical needs of the patient. Psychological consequences of cancer, such as depression, anxiety or loss of control, can be counteracted by psychotherapy. For example, within cognitive therapy cancer patients may develop coping strategies to handle the disease. Research indicates that music therapy, which is a form of psychotherapy, can have positive effects on both physiological and psychological symptoms of cancer patients as well as in acute or palliative situations. There are several definitions of music therapy. According to the World Federation of Music Therapy (WFMT, 1996), music therapy is: the use of music and/or its music elements (sound, rhythm, melody and harmony) by a qualified music therapist, with a client or group, in a process designed to facilitate and promote communication, relationship, learning, mobilization, expression, organization, and other relevant therapeutic objectives, in order to meet physical, emotional, mental, social and cognitive needs. The Dutch Music Therapy Association (NVCT, 1999) defines music therapy as a methodological form of assistance in which musical means are used within a therapeutic relation to manage changes, developments, stabilisation or acceptance on the emotional, behavioural, cognitive, social or on the physical field. The assumption is that the patients musical behaviour conforms to their general behaviour. The starting points are the features of the patients specific disorder or disease pattern. There is an analogy between psychological problems and musical behaviour, which means that emotions can be expressed musically. For patients who have difficulties in expressing emotions, music therapy can be a useful medium. Music therapy might be a useful intervention for breast cancer patients in order to facilitate and enhance their emotional expressivity. Besides analogy, there are further qualities of music that can be beneficial within therapeutic treatment. One of these qualities is symbolism: music can symbolize persons, objects, incidents, experiences or memories of daily life. Therefore, music is a reality, which represents another reality. The symbolism of the musical reality enables the patient to deal safely with the other reality for it evokes memories about persons, objects or incidents. These associations can be perceived as positive or negative, so they release emotions in the patient. Music therapy both addresses physical and psychological needs of the patient. Numerous studies indicate that music therapy can be beneficial to both acute cancer patients and palliative cancer patients in the final stage of disease. Most research with acute cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, surgery or stem cell transplantation examined the effectiveness of receptive music therapy. Listening to music during chemotherapy, either played live by the music therapist or from tape has a positive effect on pain perception, relaxation, anxiety and mood. There was also found a decrease in diastolic blood pressure or heart rate and an improvement in fatigue; insomnia and appetite loss could be significantly decreased in patients older than 45 years. Further improvements by receptive music therapy were found for physical comfort, vitality, dizziness and tolerability of the chemotherapy. A study with patients undergoing surgery found that receptive music therapy led to decreased anxiety, stress and relaxation levels before, during and after surgery. Music therapy can also be applied in palliative situations, for example to patients with terminal cancer who live in hospices. Studies indicate that music therapy may be beneficial for cancer patients in acute and palliative situations, but the benefits of music therapy for convalescing cancer patients remain unclear. Whereas music therapy interventions for acute and palliative patients often focus on physiological and psychosomatic symptoms, such as pain perception and reducing medical side-effects, music therapy with posthospital curative treatment could have its main focus on psychological aspects. A cancer patient is not free from cancer until five years after the tumour ablation. The patient fears that the cancer has not been defeated. In this stage of the disease, patients frequently feel insecure, depressive and are emotionally unstable. How to handle irksome and negative emotions is an important issue for many oncology patients. After the difficult period of the medical treatment, which they often have overcome in a prosaic way by masking emotions, patients often express the wish to become aware of themselves again. They may wish to grapple with negative emotions due to their disease. Other patients wish to experience positive feelings, such as enjoyment and vitality. The results indicate that music therapy can also have positive influences on well-being of cancer patients in the post-hospital curative stage as well as they offer valuable information about patients needs in this state of treatment and how effects can be dealt with properly. (Adapted fromhttps://essay.utwente.nl/59115/1/scriptie_F_Teiwes.pdf- Access on 25/02/19) Regarding music therapy in cancer treatment

(AFA - 2020) Music therapy with cancer patients Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, in Germany and in many other industrialized countries. In 2007, about 12 million people were diagnosed with cancer worldwide with a mortality rate of 7.6 million (American Cancer Society, 2007). In the industrial countries, the most commonly diagnosed cancers in men are prostate cancer, lung cancer and colorectal cancer. Women are most commonly diagnosed with breast cancer, gastric cancer and lung cancer. The symptoms of cancer depend on the type of the disease, but there are common symptoms caused by cancer and/or by its medical treatment (e.g., chemotherapy and radiation). Common physical symptoms are pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, nausea (feeling sick, vomiting), dizziness, limited physical activity, hair loss, a sore mouth/throat and bowel problems. Cancer also often causes psychological problems such as depression, anxiety, mood disturbances, stress, insecurity, grief and decreased self-esteem. This, in turn, can implicate social consequences. Social isolation can occur due to physical or psychological symptoms (for example, feeling too tired to meet friends, cutting oneself off due to depressive complaints). Besides conventional pharmacological treatments of cancer, there are treatments to meet psychological and physical needs of the patient. Psychological consequences of cancer, such as depression, anxiety or loss of control, can be counteracted by psychotherapy. For example, within cognitive therapy cancer patients may develop coping strategies to handle the disease. Research indicates that music therapy, which is a form of psychotherapy, can have positive effects on both physiological and psychological symptoms of cancer patients as well as in acute or palliative situations. There are several definitions of music therapy. According to the World Federation of Music Therapy (WFMT, 1996), music therapy is: the use of music and/or its music elements (sound, rhythm, melody and harmony) by a qualified music therapist, with a client or group, in a process designed to facilitate and promote communication, relationship, learning, mobilization, expression, organization, and other relevant therapeutic objectives, in order to meet physical, emotional, mental, social and cognitive needs. The Dutch Music Therapy Association (NVCT, 1999) defines music therapy as a methodological form of assistance in which musical means are used within a therapeutic relation to manage changes, developments, stabilisation or acceptance on the emotional, behavioural, cognitive, social or on the physical field. The assumption is that the patients musical behaviour conforms to their general behaviour. The starting points are the features of the patients specific disorder or disease pattern. There is an analogy between psychological problems and musical behaviour, which means that emotions can be expressed musically. For patients who have difficulties in expressing emotions, music therapy can be a useful medium. Music therapy might be a useful intervention for breast cancer patients in order to facilitate and enhance their emotional expressivity. Besides analogy, there are further qualities of music that can be beneficial within therapeutic treatment. One of these qualities is symbolism: music can symbolize persons, objects, incidents, experiences or memories of daily life. Therefore, music is a reality, which represents another reality. The symbolism of the musical reality enables the patient to deal safely with the other reality for it evokes memories about persons, objects or incidents. These associations can be perceived as positive or negative, so they release emotions in the patient. Music therapy both addresses physical and psychological needs of the patient. Numerous studies indicate that music therapy can be beneficial to both acute cancer patients and palliative cancer patients in the final stage of disease. Most research with acute cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, surgery or stem cell transplantation examined the effectiveness of receptive music therapy. Listening to music during chemotherapy, either played live by the music therapist or from tape has a positive effect on pain perception, relaxation, anxiety and mood. There was also found a decrease in diastolic blood pressure or heart rate and an improvement in fatigue; insomnia and appetite loss could be significantly decreased in patients older than 45 years. Further improvements by receptive music therapy were found for physical comfort, vitality, dizziness and tolerability of the chemotherapy. A study with patients undergoing surgery found that receptive music therapy led to decreased anxiety, stress and relaxation levels before, during and after surgery. Music therapy can also be applied in palliative situations, for example to patients with terminal cancer who live in hospices. Studies indicate that music therapy may be beneficial for cancer patients in acute and palliative situations, but the benefits of music therapy for convalescing cancer patients remain unclear. Whereas music therapy interventions for acute and palliative patients often focus on physiological and psychosomatic symptoms, such as pain perception and reducing medical side-effects, music therapy with posthospital curative treatment could have its main focus on psychological aspects. A cancer patient is not free from cancer until five years after the tumour ablation. The patient fears that the cancer has not been defeated. In this stage of the disease, patients frequently feel insecure, depressive and are emotionally unstable. How to handle irksome and negative emotions is an important issue for many oncology patients. After the difficult period of the medical treatment, which they often have overcome in a prosaic way by masking emotions, patients often express the wish to become aware of themselves again. They may wish to grapple with negative emotions due to their disease. Other patients wish to experience positive feelings, such as enjoyment and vitality. The results indicate that music therapy can also have positive influences on well-being of cancer patients in the post-hospital curative stage as well as they offer valuable information about patients needs in this state of treatment and how effects can be dealt with properly. (Adapted fromhttps://essay.utwente.nl/59115/1/scriptie_F_Teiwes.pdf- Access on 25/02/19) Read the statement based on paragraph 8 and mark the action that happened first A study discovered that receptive musci therapy had decreased anxiety ans stress levels before, during and after surferires. Also, music therapy can be applied to differente levels of the disease.

(AFA - 2020) Music therapy with cancer patients Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, in Germany and in many other industrialized countries. In 2007, about 12 million people were diagnosed with cancer worldwide with a mortality rate of 7.6 million (American Cancer Society, 2007). In the industrial countries, the most commonly diagnosed cancers in men are prostate cancer, lung cancer and colorectal cancer. Women are most commonly diagnosed with breast cancer, gastric cancer and lung cancer. The symptoms of cancer depend on the type of the disease, but there are common symptoms caused by cancer and/or by its medical treatment (e.g., chemotherapy and radiation). Common physical symptoms are pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, nausea (feeling sick, vomiting), dizziness, limited physical activity, hair loss, a sore mouth/throat and bowel problems. Cancer also often causes psychological problems such as depression, anxiety, mood disturbances, stress, insecurity, grief and decreased self-esteem. This, in turn, can implicate social consequences. Social isolation can occur due to physical or psychological symptoms (for example, feeling too tired to meet friends, cutting oneself off due to depressive complaints). Besides conventional pharmacological treatments of cancer, there are treatments to meet psychological and physical needs of the patient. Psychological consequences of cancer, such as depression, anxiety or loss of control, can be counteracted by psychotherapy. For example, within cognitive therapy cancer patients may develop coping strategies to handle the disease. Research indicates that music therapy, which is a form of psychotherapy, can have positive effects on both physiological and psychological symptoms of cancer patients as well as in acute or palliative situations. There are several definitions of music therapy. According to the World Federation of Music Therapy (WFMT, 1996), music therapy is: the use of music and/or its music elements (sound, rhythm, melody and harmony) by a qualified music therapist, with a client or group, in a process designed to facilitate and promote communication, relationship, learning, mobilization, expression, organization, and other relevant therapeutic objectives, in order to meet physical, emotional, mental, social and cognitive needs. The Dutch Music Therapy Association (NVCT, 1999) defines music therapy as a methodological form of assistance in which musical means are used within a therapeutic relation to manage changes, developments, stabilisation or acceptance on the emotional, behavioural, cognitive, social or on the physical field. The assumption is that the patients musical behaviour conforms to their general behaviour. The starting points are the features of the patients specific disorder or disease pattern. There is an analogy between psychological problems and musical behaviour, which means that emotions can be expressed musically. For patients who have difficulties in expressing emotions, music therapy can be a useful medium. Music therapy might be a useful intervention for breast cancer patients in order to facilitate and enhance their emotional expressivity. Besides analogy, there are further qualities of music that can be beneficial within therapeutic treatment. One of these qualities is symbolism: music can symbolize persons, objects, incidents, experiences or memories of daily life. Therefore, music is a reality, which represents another reality. The symbolism of the musical reality enables the patient to deal safely with the other reality for it evokes memories about persons, objects or incidents. These associations can be perceived as positive or negative, so they release emotions in the patient. Music therapy both addresses physical and psychological needs of the patient. Numerous studies indicate that music therapy can be beneficial to both acute cancer patients and palliative cancer patients in the final stage of disease. Most research with acute cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, surgery or stem cell transplantation examined the effectiveness of receptive music therapy. Listening to music during chemotherapy, either played live by the music therapist or from tape has a positive effect on pain perception, relaxation, anxiety and mood. There was also found a decrease in diastolic blood pressure or heart rate and an improvement in fatigue; insomnia and appetite loss could be significantly decreased in patients older than 45 years. Further improvements by receptive music therapy were found for physical comfort, vitality, dizziness and tolerability of the chemotherapy. A study with patients undergoing surgery found that receptive music therapy led to decreased anxiety, stress and relaxation levels before, during and after surgery. Music therapy can also be applied in palliative situations, for example to patients with terminal cancer who live in hospices. Studies indicate that music therapy may be beneficial for cancer patients in acute and palliative situations, but the benefits of music therapy for convalescing cancer patients remain unclear. Whereas music therapy interventions for acute and palliative patients often focus on physiological and psychosomatic symptoms, such as pain perception and reducing medical side-effects, music therapy with posthospital curative treatment could have its main focus on psychological aspects. A cancer patient is not free from cancer until five years after the tumour ablation. The patient fears that the cancer has not been defeated. In this stage of the disease, patients frequently feel insecure, depressive and are emotionally unstable. How to handle irksome and negative emotions is an important issue for many oncology patients. After the difficult period of the medical treatment, which they often have overcome in a prosaic way by masking emotions, patients often express the wish to become aware of themselves again. They may wish to grapple with negative emotions due to their disease. Other patients wish to experience positive feelings, such as enjoyment and vitality. The results indicate that music therapy can also have positive influences on well-being of cancer patients in the post-hospital curative stage as well as they offer valuable information about patients needs in this state of treatment and how effects can be dealt with properly. (Adapted fromhttps://essay.utwente.nl/59115/1/scriptie_F_Teiwes.pdf- Access on 25/02/19) In the fragment music therapy with post-hospital curative treatment could have its main focus on psychological aspects (paragraph 9) the pronoun refers to

(AFA - 2020) Music therapy with cancer patients Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States, in Germany and in many other industrialized countries. In 2007, about 12 million people were diagnosed with cancer worldwide with a mortality rate of 7.6 million (American Cancer Society, 2007). In the industrial countries, the most commonly diagnosed cancers in men are prostate cancer, lung cancer and colorectal cancer. Women are most commonly diagnosed with breast cancer, gastric cancer and lung cancer. The symptoms of cancer depend on the type of the disease, but there are common symptoms caused by cancer and/or by its medical treatment (e.g., chemotherapy and radiation). Common physical symptoms are pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, nausea (feeling sick, vomiting), dizziness, limited physical activity, hair loss, a sore mouth/throat and bowel problems. Cancer also often causes psychological problems such as depression, anxiety, mood disturbances, stress, insecurity, grief and decreased self-esteem. This, in turn, can implicate social consequences. Social isolation can occur due to physical or psychological symptoms (for example, feeling too tired to meet friends, cutting oneself off due to depressive complaints). Besides conventional pharmacological treatments of cancer, there are treatments to meet psychological and physical needs of the patient. Psychological consequences of cancer, such as depression, anxiety or loss of control, can be counteracted by psychotherapy. For example, within cognitive therapy cancer patients may develop coping strategies to handle the disease. Research indicates that music therapy, which is a form of psychotherapy, can have positive effects on both physiological and psychological symptoms of cancer patients as well as in acute or palliative situations. There are several definitions of music therapy. According to the World Federation of Music Therapy (WFMT, 1996), music therapy is: the use of music and/or its music elements (sound, rhythm, melody and harmony) by a qualified music therapist, with a client or group, in a process designed to facilitate and promote communication, relationship, learning, mobilization, expression, organization, and other relevant therapeutic objectives, in order to meet physical, emotional, mental, social and cognitive needs. The Dutch Music Therapy Association (NVCT, 1999) defines music therapy as a methodological form of assistance in which musical means are used within a therapeutic relation to manage changes, developments, stabilisation or acceptance on the emotional, behavioural, cognitive, social or on the physical field. The assumption is that the patients musical behaviour conforms to their general behaviour. The starting points are the features of the patients specific disorder or disease pattern. There is an analogy between psychological problems and musical behaviour, which means that emotions can be expressed musically. For patients who have difficulties in expressing emotions, music therapy can be a useful medium. Music therapy might be a useful intervention for breast cancer patients in order to facilitate and enhance their emotional expressivity. Besides analogy, there are further qualities of music that can be beneficial within therapeutic treatment. One of these qualities is symbolism: music can symbolize persons, objects, incidents, experiences or memories of daily life. Therefore, music is a reality, which represents another reality. The symbolism of the musical reality enables the patient to deal safely with the other reality for it evokes memories about persons, objects or incidents. These associations can be perceived as positive or negative, so they release emotions in the patient. Music therapy both addresses physical and psychological needs of the patient. Numerous studies indicate that music therapy can be beneficial to both acute cancer patients and palliative cancer patients in the final stage of disease. Most research with acute cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, surgery or stem cell transplantation examined the effectiveness of receptive music therapy. Listening to music during chemotherapy, either played live by the music therapist or from tape has a positive effect on pain perception, relaxation, anxiety and mood. There was also found a decrease in diastolic blood pressure or heart rate and an improvement in fatigue; insomnia and appetite loss could be significantly decreased in patients older than 45 years. Further improvements by receptive music therapy were found for physical comfort, vitality, dizziness and tolerability of the chemotherapy. A study with patients undergoing surgery found that receptive music therapy led to decreased anxiety, stress and relaxation levels before, during and after surgery. Music therapy can also be applied in palliative situations, for example to patients with terminal cancer who live in hospices. Studies indicate that music therapy may be beneficial for cancer patients in acute and palliative situations, but the benefits of music therapy for convalescing cancer patients remain unclear. Whereas music therapy interventions for acute and palliative patients often focus on physiological and psychosomatic symptoms, such as pain perception and reducing medical side-effects, music therapy with posthospital curative treatment could have its main focus on psychological aspects. A cancer patient is not free from cancer until five years after the tumour ablation. The patient fears that the cancer has not been defeated. In this stage of the disease, patients frequently feel insecure, depressive and are emotionally unstable. How to handle irksome and negative emotions is an important issue for many oncology patients. After the difficult period of the medical treatment, which they often have overcome in a prosaic way by masking emotions, patients often express the wish to become aware of themselves again. They may wish to grapple with negative emotions due to their disease. Other patients wish to experience positive feelings, such as enjoyment and vitality. The results indicate that music therapy can also have positive influences on well-being of cancer patients in the post-hospital curative stage as well as they offer valuable information about patients needs in this state of treatment and how effects can be dealt with properly. (Adapted fromhttps://essay.utwente.nl/59115/1/scriptie_F_Teiwes.pdf- Access on 25/02/19) One concludes that

(AFA - 2019) WHY DO SUPERVILLAINS FASCINATE US? A PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Why are we fascinated by supervillains? Posing the question is much like asking why evil itself intrigues us, but theres much more to our continued interest in supervillains than meets the eye. Not only do Lex Luthor, Dracula and the Red Skull run unconstrained by conventional morality, they exist outside the limits of reality itself. Their evil, even at its most realistic, retains a touch of the unreal. But is our fascination with fantastic fiends1 healthy? From a psychological perspective, views vary on what drives our enduring interest in superhuman bad guys. Shadow confrontation: PsychiatristCarl Jung believed we need to confront and understand our own hidden nature to grow as human beings. Healthy confrontation with our shadow selves can unearth new strengths (e.g., Bruce Wayne creating his Dark Knight persona to fight crime), whereas unhealthy attempts at confrontation may involve dwelling on or unleashing the worst parts of ourselves. Wish fulfillment: Sigmund Freud viewed human nature as inherently antisocial, biologically driven by the undisciplined ids pleasure principle to get what we want when we want it born to be bad but held back by society. Even if the psyche fully develops its ego (source of self-control) and superego (conscience), Freudians say the id still dwells2 underneath, and it wishes for many selfish things so it would love to be supervillainous. Hierarchy of needs: Humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow held that people who havent met their most basic needs will have difficulty maturing. If starved for food, youre unlikely to feel secure. If starved for love and companionship, youll have trouble building self-esteem. People who dwell on their deficits may envy and resent others who have more than they do. Some people who are unable to overcome social shortcomings fantasize about obtaining any means, good or bad, to satisfy every need and greed. Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov would say we can learn to associate supervillains with other things we value like entertainment, strength, freedom or the heroes themselves. Behaviorist B.F. Skinner would likely argue that we can find it reinforcing to watch or read about supervillains, but without knowing whats reinforcing about them, thats a bit like saying its rewarding because its rewarding. Our Motivations for Seeking Out Supervillains Throughout history, humans have been captivated by stories of heroes facing off against superhuman foes3. But what specific rewards, needs, wishes and dark dreams do supervillains satisfy? Freedom: Superpowered characters enjoy freedoms the rest of us dont. Nobody can arrest Superman unless he lets them (at least not without kryptonite handcuffs). As much time as supervillains spend locked up, they seem to escape as often as they please, to run unconstrained by rules and regulations. Cosplayers who dress like Wonder Woman and Captain America cant do any crazy thing that crosses their minds without seeming to mock and insult our heroes, whereas those dressed as villains get to go wild. Supervillainy feels liberating. Power: Maybe you envy the power these evil characters wield4. While thats also a reason to adore superheroes, good guys dont ache to dominate. Stories like Watchmen and Kingdom Come show how heroes become menaces5 when they try to take over. So when dreaming of superpowers, maybe you relate to characters who dream of power as well, from the Scarecrow (who controls individuals fears) to Doctor Doom (whos perpetually out to dominate the world). Better villain than victim: Physiologically, anger activates us and feels better than anxiety or fear. One who feels victimized and cannot figure out constructive ways to stand up, be strong or become heroic might twist the need for self-assertion into destruction. Alternately, a healthy person simply might focus on how all characters assert themselves in any given story. Better villain equals better hero: A hero only appears as heroic as the challenge he or she must overcome. Great heroes require great villains. Without supercriminals, the worlds finest heroes seem like overpowered brutes nabbing thugs6 unworthy of them. Through myths, legends and lore across time, we have needed heroes who rise to the occasion, overcome great odds7 and take down giants. Facing our fears: Instead of dreading the darkness, you might reduce that dread by shining a light and seeing whats out there. Fiction can help us feel empowered and enlightened without literally traipsing into mob hangouts8 and poorly lit alleyways9. Exploring the unknown: Our need to challenge the unknown has driven the human race to cover the globe. This powerful curiosity makes us wonder about everything that baffles10 us, including the worlds worst fiends. Knowledge is power, or at least feels like it. When gritty details repulse us, exploring evil through the filter of fiction can help us contemplate humanitys worst without turning away or dwelling almost voyeuristically on real human tragedy. Even when the fiction is about improbable people doing impossible things, the storys fantastic nature reassures us that this cannot happen and therefore we dont have to turn away. Supervillains Ultimate Purpose In the end, our interest in supervillains can be healthy or unhealthy. Even the more maladaptive reasons for such fascination tend to arise from motivations that were originally healthy and natural frustrated drives that went the wrong way. Remember, though, that superheroic fiction ultimately begins and ends with the heroes. Comic book writers and artists create supervillains, who move in and out as guest stars and supporting cast, first and foremost to reveal how heroic the comics stars can be. (Adapted from https://www.wired.com/2012/07/why-do-supervillainsfascinate-us/) Glossary: 1. fiend an evil and cruel person 2. to dwell remain 3. foe an enemy 4. to wield influence, use power 5. menace threat 6. to nab thugs arrest criminals 7. odds probability 8. to traipse into mob hangouts walk among places where gangs, criminals meet 9. poorly lit alleyways narrow road or path with little light 10. to baffle confuse somebody completely One of the messages below is mentioned in the text. Mark it.

(AFA - 2019) WHY DO SUPERVILLAINS FASCINATE US? A PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Why are we fascinated by supervillains? Posing the question is much like asking why evil itself intrigues us, but theres much more to our continued interest in supervillains than meets the eye. Not only do Lex Luthor, Dracula and the Red Skull run unconstrained by conventional morality, they exist outside the limits of reality itself. Their evil, even at its most realistic, retains a touch of the unreal. But is our fascination with fantastic fiends1 healthy? From a psychological perspective, views vary on what drives our enduring interest in superhuman bad guys. Shadow confrontation: Psychiatrist Carl Jung believed we need to confront and understand our own hidden nature to grow as human beings. Healthy confrontation with our shadow selves can unearth new strengths (e.g., Bruce Wayne creating his Dark Knight persona to fight crime), whereas unhealthy attempts at confrontation may involve dwelling on or unleashing the worst parts of ourselves. Wish fulfillment: Sigmund Freud viewed human nature as inherently antisocial, biologically driven by the undisciplined ids pleasure principle to get what we want when we want it born to be bad but held back by society. Even if the psyche fully develops its ego (source of self-control) and superego (conscience), Freudians say the id still dwells2 underneath, and it wishes for many selfish things so it would love to be supervillainous. Hierarchy of needs: Humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow held that people who havent met their most basic needs will have difficulty maturing. If starved for food, youre unlikely to feel secure. If starved for love and companionship, youll have trouble building self-esteem. People who dwell on their deficits may envy and resent others who have more than they do. Some people who are unable to overcome social shortcomings fantasize about obtaining any means, good or bad, to satisfy every need and greed. Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov would say we can learn to associate supervillains with other things we value like entertainment, strength, freedom or the heroes themselves. Behaviorist B.F. Skinner would likely argue that we can find it reinforcing to watch or read about supervillains, but without knowing whats reinforcing about them, thats a bit like saying its rewarding because its rewarding. Our Motivations for Seeking Out Supervillains Throughout history, humans have been captivated by stories of heroes facing off against superhuman foes3. But what specific rewards, needs, wishes and dark dreams do supervillains satisfy? Freedom: Superpowered characters enjoy freedoms the rest of us dont. Nobody can arrest Superman unless he lets them (at least not without kryptonite handcuffs). As much time as supervillains spend locked up, they seem to escape as often as they please, to run unconstrained by rules and regulations. Cosplayers who dress like Wonder Woman and Captain America cant do any crazy thing that crosses their minds without seeming to mock and insult our heroes, whereas those dressed as villains get to go wild. Supervillainy feels liberating. Power: Maybe you envy the power these evil characters wield4. While thats also a reason to adore superheroes, good guys dont ache to dominate. Stories like Watchmen and Kingdom Come show how heroes become menaces5 when they try to take over. So when dreaming of superpowers, maybe you relate to characters who dream of power as well, from the Scarecrow (who controls individuals fears) to Doctor Doom (whos perpetually out to dominate the world). Better villain than victim: Physiologically, anger activates us and feels better than anxiety or fear. One who feels victimized and cannot figure out constructive ways to stand up, be strong or become heroic might twist the need for self-assertion into destruction. Alternately, a healthy person simply might focus on how all characters assert themselves in any given story. Better villain equals better hero: A hero only appears as heroic as the challenge he or she must overcome. Great heroes require great villains. Without supercriminals, the worlds finest heroes seem like overpowered brutes nabbing thugs6 unworthy of them. Through myths, legends and lore across time, we have needed heroes who rise to the occasion, overcome great odds7 and take down giants. Facing our fears: Instead of dreading the darkness, you might reduce that dread by shining a light and seeing whats out there. Fiction can help us feel empowered and enlightened without literally traipsing into mob hangouts8 and poorly lit alleyways9. Exploring the unknown: Our need to challenge the unknown has driven the human race to cover the globe. This powerful curiosity makes us wonder about everything that baffles10 us, including the worlds worst fiends. Knowledge is power, or at least feels like it. When gritty details repulse us, exploring evil through the filter of fiction can help us contemplate humanitys worst without turning away or dwelling almost voyeuristically on real human tragedy. Even when the fiction is about improbable people doing impossible things, the storys fantastic nature reassures us that this cannot happen and therefore we dont have to turn away. Supervillains Ultimate Purpose In the end, our interest in supervillains can be healthy or unhealthy. Even the more maladaptive reasons for such fascination tend to arise from motivations that were originally healthy and natural frustrated drives that went the wrong way. Remember, though, that superheroic fiction ultimately begins and ends with the heroes. Comic book writers and artists create supervillains, who move in and out as guest stars and supporting cast, first and foremost to reveal how heroic the comics stars can be. (Adapted from https://www.wired.com/2012/07/why-do-supervillainsfascinate-us/) Glossary: 1. fiend an evil and cruel person 2. to dwell remain 3. foe an enemy 4. to wield influence, use power 5. menace threat 6. to nab thugs arrest criminals 7. odds probability 8. to traipse into mob hangouts walk among places where gangs, criminals meet 9. poorly lit alleyways narrow road or path with little light 10. to baffle confuse somebody completely Mark the INCORRECT alternative. [...] theres much more to our continued interest in supervillains than meets the eye. (lines 1 and 2) If theres more to something than meets the eye, it means that

(AFA - 2019) WHY DO SUPERVILLAINS FASCINATE US? A PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Why are we fascinated by supervillains? Posing the question is much like asking why evil itself intrigues us, but theres much more to our continued interest in supervillains than meets the eye. Not only do Lex Luthor, Dracula and the Red Skull run unconstrained by conventional morality, they exist outside the limits of reality itself. Their evil, even at its most realistic, retains a touch of the unreal. But is our fascination with fantastic fiends1healthy? From a psychological perspective, views vary on what drives our enduring interest in superhuman bad guys. Shadow confrontation: Psychiatrist Carl Jung believed we need to confront and understand our own hidden nature to grow as human beings. Healthy confrontation with our shadow selves can unearth new strengths (e.g., Bruce Wayne creating his Dark Knight persona to fight crime), whereas unhealthy attempts at confrontation may involve dwelling on or unleashing the worst parts of ourselves. Wish fulfillment: Sigmund Freud viewed human nature as inherently antisocial, biologically driven by the undisciplined ids pleasure principle to get what we want when we want it born to be bad but held back by society. Even if the psyche fully develops its ego (source of self-control) and superego (conscience), Freudians say the id still dwells2underneath, and it wishes for many selfish things so it would love to be supervillainous. Hierarchy of needs: Humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow held that people who havent met their most basic needs will have difficulty maturing. If starved for food, youre unlikely to feel secure. If starved for love and companionship, youll have trouble building self-esteem. People who dwell on their deficits may envy and resent others who have more than they do. Some people who are unable to overcome social shortcomings fantasize about obtaining any means, good or bad, to satisfy every need and greed. Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov would say we can learn to associate supervillains with other things we value like entertainment, strength, freedom or the heroes themselves. Behaviorist B.F. Skinner would likely argue that we can find it reinforcing to watch or read about supervillains, but without knowing whats reinforcing about them, thats a bit like saying its rewarding because its rewarding. Our Motivations for Seeking Out Supervillains Throughout history, humans have been captivated by stories of heroes facing off against superhuman foes3. But what specific rewards, needs, wishes and dark dreams do supervillains satisfy? Freedom: Superpowered characters enjoy freedoms the rest of us dont. Nobody can arrest Superman unless he lets them (at least not without kryptonite handcuffs). As much time as supervillains spend locked up, they seem to escape as often as they please, to run unconstrained by rules and regulations. Cosplayers who dress like Wonder Woman and Captain America cant do any crazy thing that crosses their minds without seeming to mock and insult our heroes, whereas those dressed as villains get to go wild. Supervillainy feels liberating. Power: Maybe you envy the power these evil characters wield4. While thats also a reason to adore superheroes, good guys dont ache to dominate. Stories like Watchmen and Kingdom Come show how heroes become menaces5when they try to take over. So when dreaming of superpowers, maybe you relate to characters who dream of power as well, from the Scarecrow (who controls individuals fears) to Doctor Doom (whos perpetually out to dominate the world). Better villain than victim: Physiologically, anger activates us and feels better than anxiety or fear. One who feels victimized and cannot figure out constructive ways to stand up, be strong or become heroic might twist the need for self-assertion into destruction. Alternately, a healthy person simply might focus on how all characters assert themselves in any given story. Better villain equals better hero: A hero only appears as heroic as the challenge he or she must overcome. Great heroes require great villains. Without supercriminals, the worlds finest heroes seem like overpowered brutes nabbing thugs6unworthy of them. Through myths, legends and lore across time, we have needed heroes who rise to the occasion, overcome great odds7and take down giants. Facing our fears: Instead of dreading the darkness, you might reduce that dread by shining a light and seeing whats out there. Fiction can help us feel empowered and enlightened without literally traipsing into mob hangouts8and poorly lit alleyways9. Exploring the unknown: Our need to challenge the unknown has driven the human race to cover the globe. This powerful curiosity makes us wonder about everything that baffles10us, including the worlds worst fiends. Knowledge is power, or at least feels like it. When gritty details repulse us, exploring evil through the filter of fiction can help us contemplate humanitys worst without turning away or dwelling almost voyeuristically on real human tragedy. Even when the fiction is about improbable people doing impossible things, the storys fantastic nature reassures us that this cannot happen and therefore we dont have to turn away. Supervillains Ultimate Purpose In the end, our interest in supervillains can be healthy or unhealthy. Even the more maladaptive reasons for such fascination tend to arise from motivations that were originally healthy and natural frustrated drives that went the wrong way. Remember, though, that superheroic fiction ultimately begins and ends with the heroes. Comic book writers and artists create supervillains, who move in and out as guest stars and supporting cast, first and foremost to reveal how heroic the comics stars can be. (Adapted from https://www.wired.com/2012/07/why-do-supervillainsfascinate-us/) Glossary: 1. fiend an evil and cruel person 2. to dwell remain 3. foe an enemy 4. to wield influence, use power 5. menace threat 6. to nab thugs arrest criminals 7. odds probability 8. to traipse into mob hangouts walk among places where gangs, criminals meet 9. poorly lit alleyways narrow road or path with little light 10. to baffle confuse somebody completely Not only do Lex Luthor, Dracula and the Red Skull run unonstrained by conventional morality [...] (paragraph 1) The highlighted word from the sentence above is used

(AFA - 2019) WHY DO SUPERVILLAINS FASCINATE US? A PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Why are we fascinated by supervillains? Posing the question is much like asking why evil itself intrigues us, but theres much more to our continued interest in supervillains than meets the eye. Not only do Lex Luthor, Dracula and the Red Skull run unconstrained by conventional morality, they exist outside the limits of reality itself. Their evil, even at its most realistic, retains a touch of the unreal. But is our fascination with fantastic fiends1 healthy? From a psychological perspective, views vary on what drives our enduring interest in superhuman bad guys. Shadow confrontation: Psychiatrist Carl Jung believed we need to confront and understand our own hidden nature to grow as human beings. Healthy confrontation with our shadow selves can unearth new strengths (e.g., Bruce Wayne creating his Dark Knight persona to fight crime), whereas unhealthy attempts at confrontation may involve dwelling on or unleashing the worst parts of ourselves. Wish fulfillment: Sigmund Freud viewed human nature as inherently antisocial, biologically driven by the undisciplined ids pleasure principle to get what we want when we want it born to be bad but held back by society. Even if the psyche fully develops its ego (source of self-control) and superego (conscience), Freudians say the id still dwells2 underneath, and it wishes for many selfish things so it would love to be supervillainous. Hierarchy of needs: Humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow held that people who havent met their most basic needs will have difficulty maturing. If starved for food, youre unlikely to feel secure. If starved for love and companionship, youll have trouble building self-esteem. People who dwell on their deficits may envy and resent others who have more than they do. Some people who are unable to overcome social shortcomings fantasize about obtaining any means, good or bad, to satisfy every need and greed. Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov would say we can learn to associate supervillains with other things we value like entertainment, strength, freedom or the heroes themselves. Behaviorist B.F. Skinner would likely argue that we can find it reinforcing to watch or read about supervillains, but without knowing whats reinforcing about them, thats a bit like saying its rewarding because its rewarding. Our Motivations for Seeking Out Supervillains Throughout history, humans have been captivated by stories of heroes facing off against superhuman foes3. But what specific rewards, needs, wishes and dark dreams do supervillains satisfy? Freedom: Superpowered characters enjoy freedoms the rest of us dont. Nobody can arrest Superman unless he lets them (at least not without kryptonite handcuffs). As much time as supervillains spend locked up, they seem to escape as often as they please, to run unconstrained by rules and regulations. Cosplayers who dress like Wonder Woman and Captain America cant do any crazy thing that crosses their minds without seeming to mock and insult our heroes, whereas those dressed as villains get to go wild. Supervillainy feels liberating. Power: Maybe you envy the power these evil characters wield4. While thats also a reason to adore superheroes, good guys dont ache to dominate. Stories like Watchmen and Kingdom Come show how heroes become menaces5 when they try to take over. So when dreaming of superpowers, maybe you relate to characters who dream of power as well, from the Scarecrow (who controls individuals fears) to Doctor Doom (whos perpetually out to dominate the world). Better villain than victim: Physiologically, anger activates us and feels better than anxiety or fear. One who feels victimized and cannot figure out constructive ways to stand up, be strong or become heroic might twist the need for self-assertion into destruction. Alternately, a healthy person simply might focus on how all characters assert themselves in any given story. Better villain equals better hero: A hero only appears as heroic as the challenge he or she must overcome. Great heroes require great villains. Without supercriminals, the worlds finest heroes seem like overpowered brutes nabbing thugs6 unworthy of them. Through myths, legends and lore across time, we have needed heroes who rise to the occasion, overcome great odds7 and take down giants. Facing our fears: Instead of dreading the darkness, you might reduce that dread by shining a light and seeing whats out there. Fiction can help us feel empowered and enlightened without literally traipsing into mob hangouts8 and poorly lit alleyways9. Exploring the unknown: Our need to challenge the unknown has driven the human race to cover the globe. This powerful curiosity makes us wonder about everything that baffles10 us, including the worlds worst fiends. Knowledge is power, or at least feels like it. When gritty details repulse us, exploring evil through the filter of fiction can help us contemplate humanitys worst without turning away or dwelling almost voyeuristically on real human tragedy. Even when the fiction is about improbable people doing impossible things, the storys fantastic nature reassures us that this cannot happen and therefore we dont have to turn away. Supervillains Ultimate Purpose In the end, our interest in supervillains can be healthy or unhealthy. Even the more maladaptive reasons for such fascination tend to arise from motivations that were originally healthy and natural frustrated drives that went the wrong way. Remember, though, that superheroic fiction ultimately begins and ends with the heroes. Comic book writers and artists create supervillains, who move in and out as guest stars and supporting cast, first and foremost to reveal how heroic the comics stars can be. (Adapted from https://www.wired.com/2012/07/why-do-supervillainsfascinate-us/) Glossary: 1. fiend an evil and cruel person 2. to dwell remain 3. foe an enemy 4. to wield influence, use power 5. menace threat 6. to nab thugs arrest criminals 7. odds probability 8. to traipse into mob hangouts walk among places where gangs, criminals meet 9. poorly lit alleyways narrow road or path with little light 10. to baffle confuse somebody completely Mark the alternative which has the sentence below correctly reported. [...] is our fascination with fantastic fiends healthy? (lines 9 and 10) The author

(AFA - 2019) WHY DO SUPERVILLAINS FASCINATE US? A PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Why are we fascinated by supervillains? Posing the question is much like asking why evil itself intrigues us, but theres much more to our continued interest in supervillains than meets the eye. Not only do Lex Luthor, Dracula and the Red Skull run unconstrained by conventional morality, they exist outside the limits of reality itself. Their evil, even at its most realistic, retains a touch of the unreal. But is our fascination with fantastic fiends1healthy? From a psychological perspective, views vary on what drives our enduring interest in superhuman bad guys. Shadow confrontation: Psychiatrist Carl Jung believed we need to confront and understand our own hidden nature to grow as human beings. Healthy confrontation with our shadow selves can unearth new strengths (e.g., Bruce Wayne creating his Dark Knight persona to fight crime), whereas unhealthy attempts at confrontation may involve dwelling on or unleashing the worst parts of ourselves. Wish fulfillment: Sigmund Freud viewed human nature as inherently antisocial, biologically driven by the undisciplined ids pleasure principle to get what we want when we want it born to be bad but held back by society. Even if the psyche fully develops its ego (source of self-control) and superego (conscience), Freudians say the id still dwells2underneath, and it wishes for many selfish things so it would love to be supervillainous. Hierarchy of needs: Humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow held that people who havent met their most basic needs will have difficulty maturing. If starved for food, youre unlikely to feel secure. If starved for love and companionship, youll have trouble building self-esteem. People who dwell on their deficits may envy and resent others who have more than they do. Some people who are unable to overcome social shortcomings fantasize about obtaining any means, good or bad, to satisfy every need and greed. Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov would say we can learn to associate supervillains with other things we value like entertainment, strength, freedom or the heroes themselves. Behaviorist B.F. Skinner would likely argue that we can find it reinforcing to watch or read about supervillains, but without knowing whats reinforcing about them, thats a bit like saying its rewarding because its rewarding. Our Motivations for Seeking Out Supervillains Throughout history, humans have been captivated by stories of heroes facing off against superhuman foes3. But what specific rewards, needs, wishes and dark dreams do supervillains satisfy? Freedom: Superpowered characters enjoy freedoms the rest of us dont. Nobody can arrest Superman unless he lets them (at least not without kryptonite handcuffs). As much time as supervillains spend locked up, they seem to escape as often as they please, to run unconstrained by rules and regulations. Cosplayers who dress like Wonder Woman and Captain America cant do any crazy thing that crosses their minds without seeming to mock and insult our heroes, whereas those dressed as villains get to go wild. Supervillainy feels liberating. Power: Maybe you envy the power these evil characters wield4. While thats also a reason to adore superheroes, good guys dont ache to dominate. Stories like Watchmen and Kingdom Come show how heroes become menaces5when they try to take over. So when dreaming of superpowers, maybe you relate to characters who dream of power as well, from the Scarecrow (who controls individuals fears) to Doctor Doom (whos perpetually out to dominate the world). Better villain than victim: Physiologically, anger activates us and feels better than anxiety or fear. One who feels victimized and cannot figure out constructive ways to stand up, be strong or become heroic might twist the need for self-assertion into destruction. Alternately, a healthy person simply might focus on how all characters assert themselves in any given story. Better villain equals better hero: A hero only appears as heroic as the challenge he or she must overcome. Great heroes require great villains. Without supercriminals, the worlds finest heroes seem like overpowered brutes nabbing thugs6unworthy of them. Through myths, legends and lore across time, we have needed heroes who rise to the occasion, overcome great odds7and take down giants. Facing our fears: Instead of dreading the darkness, you might reduce that dread by shining a light and seeing whats out there. Fiction can help us feel empowered and enlightened without literally traipsing into mob hangouts8and poorly lit alleyways9. Exploring the unknown: Our need to challenge the unknown has driven the human race to cover the globe. This powerful curiosity makes us wonder about everything that baffles10us, including the worlds worst fiends. Knowledge is power, or at least feels like it. When gritty details repulse us, exploring evil through the filter of fiction can help us contemplate humanitys worst without turning away or dwelling almost voyeuristically on real human tragedy. Even when the fiction is about improbable people doing impossible things, the storys fantastic nature reassures us that this cannot happen and therefore we dont have to turn away. Supervillains Ultimate Purpose In the end, our interest in supervillains can be healthy or unhealthy. Even the more maladaptive reasons for such fascination tend to arise from motivations that were originally healthy and natural frustrated drives that went the wrong way. Remember, though, that superheroic fiction ultimately begins and ends with the heroes. Comic book writers and artists create supervillains, who move in and out as guest stars and supporting cast, first and foremost to reveal how heroic the comics stars can be. (Adapted from https://www.wired.com/2012/07/why-do-supervillainsfascinate-us/) Glossary: 1. fiend an evil and cruel person 2. to dwell remain 3. foe an enemy 4. to wield influence, use power 5. menace threat 6. to nab thugs arrest criminals 7. odds probability 8. to traipse into mob hangouts walk among places where gangs, criminals meet 9. poorly lit alleyways narrow road or path with little light 10. to baffle confuse somebody completely According to what drives peoples interest in supervillains, the text mentions

(AFA - 2019) WHY DO SUPERVILLAINS FASCINATE US? A PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Why are we fascinated by supervillains? Posing the question is much like asking why evil itself intrigues us, but theres much more to our continued interest in supervillains than meets the eye. Not only do Lex Luthor, Dracula and the Red Skull run unconstrained by conventional morality, they exist outside the limits of reality itself. Their evil, even at its most realistic, retains a touch of the unreal. But is our fascination with fantastic fiends healthy? From a psychological perspective, views vary on what drives our enduring interest in superhuman bad guys. Shadow confrontation: Psychiatrist Carl Jung believed we need to confront and understand our own hidden nature to grow as human beings. Healthy confrontation with our shadow selves can unearth new strengths (e.g., Bruce Wayne creating his Dark Knight persona to fight crime), whereas unhealthy attempts at confrontation may involve dwelling on or unleashing the worst parts of ourselves. Wish fulfillment: Sigmund Freud viewed human nature as inherently antisocial, biologically driven by the undisciplined ids pleasure principle to get what we want when we want it born to be bad but held back by society. Even if the psyche fully develops its ego (source of self-control) and superego (conscience), Freudians say the id still dwells underneath, and it wishes for many selfish things so it would love to be supervillainous. Hierarchy of needs: Humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow held that people who havent met their most basic needs will have difficulty maturing. If starved for food, youre unlikely to feel secure. If starved for love and companionship, youll have trouble building self-esteem. People who dwell on their deficits may envy and resent others who have more than they do. Some people who are unable to overcome social shortcomings fantasize about obtaining any means, good or bad, to satisfy every need and greed. Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov would say we can learn to associate supervillains with other things we value like entertainment, strength, freedom or the heroes themselves. Behaviorist B.F. Skinner would likely argue that we can find it reinforcing to watch or read about supervillains, but without knowing whats reinforcing about them, thats a bit like saying its rewarding because its rewarding. Our Motivations for Seeking Out Supervillains Throughout history, humans have been captivated by stories of heroes facing off against superhuman foes. But what specific rewards, needs, wishes and dark dreams do supervillains satisfy? Freedom: Superpowered characters enjoy freedoms the rest of us dont. Nobody can arrest Superman unless he lets them (at least not without kryptonite handcuffs). As much time as supervillains spend locked up, they seem to escape as often as they please, to run unconstrained by rules and regulations. Cosplayers who dress like Wonder Woman and Captain America cant do any crazy thing that crosses their minds without seeming to mock and insult our heroes, whereas those dressed as villains get to go wild. Supervillainy feels liberating. Power: Maybe you envy the power these evil characters wield. While thats also a reason to adore superheroes, good guys dont ache to dominate. Stories like Watchmen and Kingdom Come show how heroes become menaces when they try to take over. So when dreaming of superpowers, maybe you relate to characters who dream of power as well, from the Scarecrow (who controls individuals fears) to Doctor Doom (whos perpetually out to dominate the world). Better villain than victim: Physiologically, anger activates us and feels better than anxiety or fear. One who feels victimized and cannot figure out constructive ways to stand up, be strong or become heroic might twist the need for self-assertion into destruction. Alternately, a healthy person simply might focus on how all characters assert themselves in any given story. Better villain equals better hero: A hero only appears as heroic as the challenge he or she must overcome. Great heroes require great villains. Without supercriminals, the worlds finest heroes seem like overpowered brutes nabbing thugs6 unworthy of them. Through myths, legends and lore across time, we have needed heroes who rise to the occasion, overcome great odds and take down giants. Facing our fears: Instead of dreading the darkness, you might reduce that dread by shining a light and seeing whats out there. Fiction can help us feel empowered and enlightened without literally traipsing into mob hangouts and poorly lit alleyways. Exploring the unknown: Our need to challenge the unknown has driven the human race to cover the globe. This powerful curiosity makes us wonder about everything that baffles us, including the worlds worst fiends. Knowledge is power, or at least feels like it. When gritty details repulse us, exploring evil through the filter of fiction can help us contemplate humanitys worst without turning away or dwelling almost voyeuristically on real human tragedy. Even when the fiction is about improbable people doing impossible things, the storys fantastic nature reassures us that this cannot happen and therefore we dont have to turn away. Supervillains Ultimate Purpose In the end, our interest in supervillains can be healthy or unhealthy. Even the more maladaptive reasons for such fascination tend to arise from motivations that were originally healthy and natural frustrated drives that went the wrong way. Remember, though, that superheroic fiction ultimately begins and ends with the heroes. Comic book writers and artists create supervillains, who move in and out as guest stars and supporting cast, first and foremost to reveal how heroic the comics stars can be. (Adapted from https://www.wired.com/2012/07/why-do-supervillains- fascinate-us/) Glossary: fiend an evil and cruel person to dwell remain foe an enemy to wield influence, use power menace threat to nab thugs arrest criminals odds probability to traipse into mob hangouts walk among places where gangs, criminals meet The sentences below are used in the interrogative form. Mark the one that is grammatically correct.

(AFA - 2019) WHY DO SUPERVILLAINS FASCINATE US? A PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Why are we fascinated by supervillains? Posing the question is much like asking why evil itself intrigues us, but theres much more to our continued interest in supervillains than meets the eye. Not only do Lex Luthor, Dracula and the Red Skull run unconstrained by conventional morality, they exist outside the limits of reality itself. Their evil, even at its most realistic, retains a touch of the unreal. But is our fascination with fantastic fiends1 healthy? From a psychological perspective, views vary on what drives our enduring interest in superhuman bad guys. Shadow confrontation: Psychiatrist Carl Jung believed we need to confront and understand our own hidden nature to grow as human beings. Healthy confrontation with our shadow selves can unearth new strengths (e.g., Bruce Wayne creating his Dark Knight persona to fight crime), whereas unhealthy attempts at confrontation may involve dwelling on or unleashing the worst parts of ourselves. Wish fulfillment: Sigmund Freud viewed human nature as inherently antisocial, biologically driven by the undisciplined ids pleasure principle to get what we want when we want it born to be bad but held back by society. Even if the psyche fully develops its ego (source of self-control) and superego (conscience), Freudians say the id still dwells2 underneath, and it wishes for many selfish things so it would love to be supervillainous. Hierarchy of needs: Humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow held that people who havent met their most basic needs will have difficulty maturing. If starved for food, youre unlikely to feel secure. If starved for love and companionship, youll have trouble building self-esteem. People who dwell on their deficits may envy and resent others who have more than they do. Some people who are unable to overcome social shortcomings fantasize about obtaining any means, good or bad, to satisfy every need and greed. Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov would say we can learn to associate supervillains with other things we value like entertainment, strength, freedom or the heroes themselves. Behaviorist B.F. Skinner would likely argue that we can find it reinforcing to watch or read about supervillains, but without knowing whats reinforcing about them, thats a bit like saying its rewarding because its rewarding. Our Motivations for Seeking Out Supervillains Throughout history, humans have been captivated by stories of heroes facing off against superhuman foes3. But what specific rewards, needs, wishes and dark dreams do supervillains satisfy? Freedom: Superpowered characters enjoy freedoms the rest of us dont. Nobody can arrest Superman unless he lets them (at least not without kryptonite handcuffs). As much time as supervillains spend locked up, they seem to escape as often as they please, to run unconstrained by rules and regulations. Cosplayers who dress like Wonder Woman and Captain America cant do any crazy thing that crosses their minds without seeming to mock and insult our heroes, whereas those dressed as villains get to go wild. Supervillainy feels liberating. Power: Maybe you envy the power these evil characters wield4. While thats also a reason to adore superheroes, good guys dont ache to dominate. Stories like Watchmen and Kingdom Come show how heroes become menaces5 when they try to take over. So when dreaming of superpowers, maybe you relate to characters who dream of power as well, from the Scarecrow (who controls individuals fears) to Doctor Doom (whos perpetually out to dominate the world). Better villain than victim: Physiologically, anger activates us and feels better than anxiety or fear. One who feels victimized and cannot figure out constructive ways to stand up, be strong or become heroic might twist the need for self-assertion into destruction. Alternately, a healthy person simply might focus on how all characters assert themselves in any given story. Better villain equals better hero: A hero only appears as heroic as the challenge he or she must overcome. Great heroes require great villains. Without supercriminals, the worlds finest heroes seem like overpowered brutes nabbing thugs6 unworthy of them. Through myths, legends and lore across time, we have needed heroes who rise to the occasion, overcome great odds7 and take down giants. Facing our fears: Instead of dreading the darkness, you might reduce that dread by shining a light and seeing whats out there. Fiction can help us feel empowered and enlightened without literally traipsing into mob hangouts8 and poorly lit alleyways9. Exploring the unknown: Our need to challenge the unknown has driven the human race to cover the globe. This powerful curiosity makes us wonder about everything that baffles10 us, including the worlds worst fiends. Knowledge is power, or at least feels like it. When gritty details repulse us, exploring evil through the filter of fiction can help us contemplate humanitys worst without turning away or dwelling almost voyeuristically on real human tragedy. Even when the fiction is about improbable people doing impossible things, the storys fantastic nature reassures us that this cannot happen and therefore we dont have to turn away. Supervillains Ultimate Purpose In the end, our interest in supervillains can be healthy or unhealthy. Even the more maladaptive reasons for such fascination tend to arise from motivations that were originally healthy and natural frustrated drives that went the wrong way. Remember, though, that superheroic fiction ultimately begins and ends with the heroes. Comic book writers and artists create supervillains, who move in and out as guest stars and supporting cast, first and foremost to reveal how heroic the comics stars can be. (Adapted from https://www.wired.com/2012/07/why-do-supervillainsfascinate-us/) Glossary: 1. fiend an evil and cruel person 2. to dwell remain 3. foe an enemy 4. to wield influence, use power 5. menace threat 6. to nab thugs arrest criminals 7. odds probability 8. to traipse into mob hangouts walk among places where gangs, criminals meet 9. poorly lit alleyways narrow road or path with little light 10. to baffle confuse somebody completely Mark the option in which the underlined word makes it clear that the subject and the object are the same.

(AFA - 2019) WHY DO SUPERVILLAINS FASCINATE US? A PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Why are we fascinated by supervillains? Posing the question is much like asking why evil itself intrigues us, but theres much more to our continued interest in supervillains than meets the eye. Not only do Lex Luthor, Dracula and the Red Skull run unconstrained by conventional morality, they exist outside the limits of reality itself. Their evil, even at its most realistic, retains a touch of the unreal. But is our fascination with fantastic fiends1 healthy? From a psychological perspective, views vary on what drives our enduring interest in superhuman bad guys. Shadow confrontation: Psychiatrist Carl Jung believed we need to confront and understand our own hidden nature to grow as human beings. Healthy confrontation with our shadow selves can unearth new strengths (e.g., Bruce Wayne creating his Dark Knight persona to fight crime), whereas unhealthy attempts at confrontation may involve dwelling on or unleashing the worst parts of ourselves. Wish fulfillment: Sigmund Freud viewed human nature as inherently antisocial, biologically driven by the undisciplined ids pleasure principle to get what we want when we want it born to be bad but held back by society. Even if the psyche fully develops its ego (source of self-control) and superego (conscience), Freudians say the id still dwells2 underneath, and it wishes for many selfish things so it would love to be supervillainous. Hierarchy of needs: Humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow held that people who havent met their most basic needs will have difficulty maturing. If starved for food, youre unlikely to feel secure. If starved for love and companionship, youll have trouble building self-esteem. People who dwell on their deficits may envy and resent others who have more than they do. Some people who are unable to overcome social shortcomings fantasize about obtaining any means, good or bad, to satisfy every need and greed. Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov would say we can learn to associate supervillains with other things we value like entertainment, strength, freedom or the heroes themselves. Behaviorist B.F. Skinner would likely argue that we can find it reinforcing to watch or read about supervillains, but without knowing whats reinforcing about them, thats a bit like saying its rewarding because its rewarding. Our Motivations for Seeking Out Supervillains Throughout history, humans have been captivated by stories of heroes facing off against superhuman foes3. But what specific rewards, needs, wishes and dark dreams do supervillains satisfy? Freedom: Superpowered characters enjoy freedoms the rest of us dont. Nobody can arrest Superman unless he lets them (at least not without kryptonite handcuffs). As much time as supervillains spend locked up, they seem to escape as often as they please, to run unconstrained by rules and regulations. Cosplayers who dress like Wonder Woman and Captain America cant do any crazy thing that crosses their minds without seeming to mock and insult our heroes, whereas those dressed as villains get to go wild. Supervillainy feels liberating. Power: Maybe you envy the power these evil characters wield4. While thats also a reason to adore superheroes, good guys dont ache to dominate. Stories like Watchmen and Kingdom Come show how heroes become menaces5 when they try to take over. So when dreaming of superpowers, maybe you relate to characters who dream of power as well, from the Scarecrow (who controls individuals fears) to Doctor Doom (whos perpetually out to dominate the world). Better villain than victim: Physiologically, anger activates us and feels better than anxiety or fear. One who feels victimized and cannot figure out constructive ways to stand up, be strong or become heroic might twist the need for self-assertion into destruction. Alternately, a healthy person simply might focus on how all characters assert themselves in any given story. Better villain equals better hero: A hero only appears as heroic as the challenge he or she must overcome. Great heroes require great villains. Without supercriminals, the worlds finest heroes seem like overpowered brutes nabbing thugs6 unworthy of them. Through myths, legends and lore across time, we have needed heroes who rise to the occasion, overcome great odds7 and take down giants. Facing our fears: Instead of dreading the darkness, you might reduce that dread by shining a light and seeing whats out there. Fiction can help us feel empowered and enlightened without literally traipsing into mob hangouts8 and poorly lit alleyways9. Exploring the unknown: Our need to challenge the unknown has driven the human race to cover the globe. This powerful curiosity makes us wonder about everything that baffles10 us, including the worlds worst fiends. Knowledge is power, or at least feels like it. When gritty details repulse us, exploring evil through the filter of fiction can help us contemplate humanitys worst without turning away or dwelling almost voyeuristically on real human tragedy. Even when the fiction is about improbable people doing impossible things, the storys fantastic nature reassures us that this cannot happen and therefore we dont have to turn away. Supervillains Ultimate Purpose In the end, our interest in supervillains can be healthy or unhealthy. Even the more maladaptive reasons for such fascination tend to arise from motivations that were originally healthy and natural frustrated drives that went the wrong way. Remember, though, that superheroic fiction ultimately begins and ends with the heroes. Comic book writers and artists create supervillains, who move in and out as guest stars and supporting cast, first and foremost to reveal how heroic the comics stars can be. (Adapted from https://www.wired.com/2012/07/why-do-supervillainsfascinate-us/) Glossary: 1. fiend an evil and cruel person 2. to dwell remain 3. foe an enemy 4. to wield influence, use power 5. menace threat 6. to nab thugs arrest criminals 7. odds probability 8. to traipse into mob hangouts walk among places where gangs, criminals meet 9. poorly lit alleyways narrow road or path with little light 10. to baffle confuse somebody completely The sentence [...] Abraham Maslow held that people who havent met their most basic needs will have difficulty maturing. (lines 31 and 32) means the psychologist believes that

(AFA - 2019) WHY DO SUPERVILLAINS FASCINATE US? A PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Why are we fascinated by supervillains? Posing the question is much like asking why evil itself intrigues us, but theres much more to our continued interest in supervillains than meets the eye. Not only do Lex Luthor, Dracula and the Red Skull run unconstrained by conventional morality, they exist outside the limits of reality itself. Their evil, even at its most realistic, retains a touch of the unreal. But is our fascination with fantastic fiends healthy? From a psychological perspective, views vary on what drives our enduring interest in superhuman bad guys. Shadow confrontation: Psychiatrist Carl Jung believed we need to confront and understand our own hidden nature to grow as human beings. Healthy confrontation with our shadow selves can unearth new strengths (e.g., Bruce Wayne creating his Dark Knight persona to fight crime), whereas unhealthy attempts at confrontation may involve dwelling on or unleashing the worst parts of ourselves. Wish fulfillment: Sigmund Freud viewed human nature as inherently antisocial, biologically driven by the undisciplined ids pleasure principle to get what we want when we want it born to be bad but held back by society. Even if the psyche fully develops its ego (source of self-control) and superego (conscience), Freudians say the id still dwells underneath, and it wishes for many selfish things so it would love to be supervillainous. Hierarchy of needs: Humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow held that people who havent met their most basic needs will have difficulty maturing. If starved for food, youre unlikely to feel secure. If starved for love and companionship, youll have trouble building self-esteem. People who dwell on their deficits may envy and resent others who have more than they do. Some people who are unable to overcome social shortcomings fantasize about obtaining any means, good or bad, to satisfy every need and greed. Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov would say we can learn to associate supervillains with other things we value like entertainment, strength, freedom or the heroes themselves. Behaviorist B.F. Skinner would likely argue that we can find it reinforcing to watch or read about supervillains, but without knowing whats reinforcing about them, thats a bit like saying its rewarding because its rewarding. Our Motivations for Seeking Out Supervillains Throughout history, humans have been captivated by stories of heroes facing off against superhuman foes. But what specific rewards, needs, wishes and dark dreams do supervillains satisfy? Freedom: Superpowered characters enjoy freedoms the rest of us dont. Nobody can arrest Superman unless he lets them (at least not without kryptonite handcuffs). As much time as supervillains spend locked up, they seem to escape as often as they please, to run unconstrained by rules and regulations. Cosplayers who dress like Wonder Woman and Captain America cant do any crazy thing that crosses their minds without seeming to mock and insult our heroes, whereas those dressed as villains get to go wild. Supervillainy feels liberating. Power: Maybe you envy the power these evil characters wield. While thats also a reason to adore superheroes, good guys dont ache to dominate. Stories like Watchmen and Kingdom Come show how heroes become menaces when they try to take over. So when dreaming of superpowers, maybe you relate to characters who dream of power as well, from the Scarecrow (who controls individuals fears) to Doctor Doom (whos perpetually out to dominate the world). Better villain than victim: Physiologically, anger activates us and feels better than anxiety or fear. One who feels victimized and cannot figure out constructive ways to stand up, be strong or become heroic might twist the need for self-assertion into destruction. Alternately, a healthy person simply might focus on how all characters assert themselves in any given story. Better villain equals better hero: A hero only appears as heroic as the challenge he or she must overcome. Great heroes require great villains. Without supercriminals, the worlds finest heroes seem like overpowered brutes nabbing thugs6 unworthy of them. Through myths, legends and lore across time, we have needed heroes who rise to the occasion, overcome great odds and take down giants. Facing our fears: Instead of dreading the darkness, you might reduce that dread by shining a light and seeing whats out there. Fiction can help us feel empowered and enlightened without literally traipsing into mob hangouts and poorly lit alleyways. Exploring the unknown: Our need to challenge the unknown has driven the human race to cover the globe. This powerful curiosity makes us wonder about everything that baffles us, including the worlds worst fiends. Knowledge is power, or at least feels like it. When gritty details repulse us, exploring evil through the filter of fiction can help us contemplate humanitys worst without turning away or dwelling almost voyeuristically on real human tragedy. Even when the fiction is about improbable people doing impossible things, the storys fantastic nature reassures us that this cannot happen and therefore we dont have to turn away. Supervillains Ultimate Purpose In the end, our interest in supervillains can be healthy or unhealthy. Even the more maladaptive reasons for such fascination tend to arise from motivations that were originally healthy and natural frustrated drives that went the wrong way. Remember, though, that superheroic fiction ultimately begins and ends with the heroes. Comic book writers and artists create supervillains, who move in and out as guest stars and supporting cast, first and foremost to reveal how heroic the comics stars can be. (Adapted from https://www.wired.com/2012/07/why-do-supervillains- fascinate-us/) Glossary: fiend an evil and cruel person to dwell remain foe an enemy to wield influence, use power menace threat to nab thugs arrest criminals odds probability to traipse into mob hangouts walk among places where gangs, criminals meet Identify the option that summarizes the item freedom (paragraph 8).

QUESTO ANULADA!! (AFA 2019) WHY DO SUPERVILLAINS FASCINATE US? A PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Why are we fascinated by supervillains? Posing the question is much like asking why evil itself intrigues us, but theres much more to our continued interest in supervillains than meets the eye. Not only do Lex Luthor, Dracula and the Red Skull run unconstrained by conventional morality, they exist outside the limits of reality itself. Their evil, even at its most realistic, retains a touch of the unreal. But is our fascination with fantastic fiends healthy? From a psychological perspective, views vary on what drives our enduring interest in superhuman bad guys. Shadow confrontation: Psychiatrist Carl Jung believed we need to confront and understand our own hidden nature to grow as human beings. Healthy confrontation with our shadow selves can unearth new strengths (e.g., Bruce Wayne creating his Dark Knight persona to fight crime), whereas unhealthy attempts at confrontation may involve dwelling on or unleashing the worst parts of ourselves. Wish fulfillment: Sigmund Freud viewed human nature as inherently antisocial, biologically driven by the undisciplined ids pleasure principle to get what we want when we want it born to be bad but held back by society. Even if the psyche fully develops its ego (source of self-control) and superego (conscience), Freudians say the id still dwells underneath, and it wishes for many selfish things so it would love to be supervillainous. Hierarchy of needs: Humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow held that people who havent met their most basic needs will have difficulty maturing. If starved for food, youre unlikely to feel secure. If starved for love and companionship, youll have trouble building self-esteem. People who dwell on their deficits may envy and resent others who have more than they do. Some people who are unable to overcome social shortcomings fantasize about obtaining any means, good or bad, to satisfy every need and greed. Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov would say we can learn to associate supervillains with other things we value like entertainment, strength, freedom or the heroes themselves. Behaviorist B.F. Skinner would likely argue that we can find it reinforcing to watch or read about supervillains, but without knowing whats reinforcing about them, thats a bit like saying its rewarding because its rewarding. Our Motivations for Seeking Out Supervillains Throughout history, humans have been captivated by stories of heroes facing off against superhuman foes. But what specific rewards, needs, wishes and dark dreams do supervillains satisfy? Freedom: Superpowered characters enjoy freedoms the rest of us dont. Nobody can arrest Superman unless he lets them (at least not without kryptonite handcuffs). As much time as supervillains spend locked up, they seem to escape as often as they please, to run unconstrained by rules and regulations. Cosplayers who dress like Wonder Woman and Captain America cant do any crazy thing that crosses their minds without seeming to mock and insult our heroes, whereas those dressed as villains get to go wild. Supervillainy feels liberating. Power: Maybe you envy the power these evil characters wield. While thats also a reason to adore superheroes, good guys dont ache to dominate. Stories like Watchmen and Kingdom Come show how heroes become menaces when they try to take over. So when dreaming of superpowers, maybe you relate to characters who dream of power as well, from the Scarecrow (who controls individuals fears) to Doctor Doom (whos perpetually out to dominate the world). Better villain than victim: Physiologically, anger activates us and feels better than anxiety or fear. One who feels victimized and cannot figure out constructive ways to stand up, be strong or become heroic might twist the need for self-assertion into destruction. Alternately, a healthy person simply might focus on how all characters assert themselves in any given story. Better villain equals better hero: A hero only appears as heroic as the challenge he or she must overcome. Great heroes require great villains. Without supercriminals, the worlds finest heroes seem like overpowered brutes nabbing thugs6 unworthy of them. Through myths, legends and lore across time, we have needed heroes who rise to the occasion, overcome great odds and take down giants. Facing our fears: Instead of dreading the darkness, you might reduce that dread by shining a light and seeing whats out there. Fiction can help us feel empowered and enlightened without literally traipsing into mob hangouts and poorly lit alleyways. Exploring the unknown: Our need to challenge the unknown has driven the human race to cover the globe. This powerful curiosity makes us wonder about everything that baffles us, including the worlds worst fiends. Knowledge is power, or at least feels like it. When gritty details repulse us, exploring evil through the filter of fiction can help us contemplate humanitys worst without turning away or dwelling almost voyeuristically on real human tragedy. Even when the fiction is about improbable people doing impossible things, the storys fantastic nature reassures us that this cannot happen and therefore we dont have to turn away. Supervillains Ultimate Purpose In the end, our interest in supervillains can be healthy or unhealthy. Even the more maladaptive reasons for such fascination tend to arise from motivations that were originally healthy and natural frustrated drives that went the wrong way. Remember, though, that superheroic fiction ultimately begins and ends with the heroes. Comic book writers and artists create supervillains, who move in and out as guest stars and supporting cast, first and foremost to reveal how heroic the comics stars can be. (Adapted from https://www.wired.com/2012/07/why-do-supervillains- fascinate-us/) Glossary: fiend an evil and cruel person to dwell remain foe an enemy to wield influence, use power menace threat to nab thugs arrest criminals odds probability to traipse into mob hangouts walk among places where gangs, criminals meet poorly lit alleyways narrow road or path with little light to baffle confuse somebody completely [...] Wonder Woman and Captain America cant do any crazy thing [...] whereas those dressed as villains get to go wild. (lines 59 to 63). The highlighted word is closest in meaning to a) but. b) where. c) therefore. d) though. QUESTO ANULADA!!

(AFA - 2019) WHY DO SUPERVILLAINS FASCINATE US? A PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Why are we fascinated by supervillains? Posing the question is much like asking why evil itself intrigues us, but theres much more to our continued interest in supervillains than meets the eye. Not only do Lex Luthor, Dracula and the Red Skull run unconstrained by conventional morality, they exist outside the limits of reality itself. Their evil, even at its most realistic, retains a touch of the unreal. But is our fascination with fantastic fiends1 healthy? From a psychological perspective, views vary on what drives our enduring interest in superhuman bad guys. Shadow confrontation: Psychiatrist Carl Jung believed we need to confront and understand our own hidden nature to grow as human beings. Healthy confrontation with our shadow selves can unearth new strengths (e.g., Bruce Wayne creating his Dark Knight persona to fight crime), whereas unhealthy attempts at confrontation may involve dwelling on or unleashing the worst parts of ourselves. Wish fulfillment: Sigmund Freud viewed human nature as inherently antisocial, biologically driven by the undisciplined ids pleasure principle to get what we want when we want it born to be bad but held back by society. Even if the psyche fully develops its ego (source of self-control) and superego (conscience), Freudians say the id still dwells2 underneath, and it wishes for many selfish things so it would love to be supervillainous. Hierarchy of needs: Humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow held that people who havent met their most basic needs will have difficulty maturing. If starved for food, youre unlikely to feel secure. If starved for love and companionship, youll have trouble building self-esteem. People who dwell on their deficits may envy and resent others who have more than they do. Some people who are unable to overcome social shortcomings fantasize about obtaining any means, good or bad, to satisfy every need and greed. Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov would say we can learn to associate supervillains with other things we value like entertainment, strength, freedom or the heroes themselves. Behaviorist B.F. Skinner would likely argue that we can find it reinforcing to watch or read about supervillains, but without knowing whats reinforcing about them, thats a bit like saying its rewarding because its rewarding. Our Motivations for Seeking Out Supervillains Throughout history, humans have been captivated by stories of heroes facing off against superhuman foes3. But what specific rewards, needs, wishes and dark dreams do supervillains satisfy? Freedom: Superpowered characters enjoy freedoms the rest of us dont. Nobody can arrest Superman unless he lets them (at least not without kryptonite handcuffs). As much time as supervillains spend locked up, they seem to escape as often as they please, to run unconstrained by rules and regulations. Cosplayers who dress like Wonder Woman and Captain America cant do any crazy thing that crosses their minds without seeming to mock and insult our heroes, whereas those dressed as villains get to go wild. Supervillainy feels liberating. Power: Maybe you envy the power these evil characters wield4. While thats also a reason to adore superheroes, good guys dont ache to dominate. Stories like Watchmen and Kingdom Come show how heroes become menaces5 when they try to take over. So when dreaming of superpowers, maybe you relate to characters who dream of power as well, from the Scarecrow (who controls individuals fears) to Doctor Doom (whos perpetually out to dominate the world). Better villain than victim: Physiologically, anger activates us and feels better than anxiety or fear. One who feels victimized and cannot figure out constructive ways to stand up, be strong or become heroic might twist the need for self-assertion into destruction. Alternately, a healthy person simply might focus on how all characters assert themselves in any given story. Better villain equals better hero: A hero only appears as heroic as the challenge he or she must overcome. Great heroes require great villains. Without supercriminals, the worlds finest heroes seem like overpowered brutes nabbing thugs6 unworthy of them. Through myths, legends and lore across time, we have needed heroes who rise to the occasion, overcome great odds7 and take down giants. Facing our fears: Instead of dreading the darkness, you might reduce that dread by shining a light and seeing whats out there. Fiction can help us feel empowered and enlightened without literally traipsing into mob hangouts8 and poorly lit alleyways9. Exploring the unknown: Our need to challenge the unknown has driven the human race to cover the globe. This powerful curiosity makes us wonder about everything that baffles10 us, including the worlds worst fiends. Knowledge is power, or at least feels like it. When gritty details repulse us, exploring evil through the filter of fiction can help us contemplate humanitys worst without turning away or dwelling almost voyeuristically on real human tragedy. Even when the fiction is about improbable people doing impossible things, the storys fantastic nature reassures us that this cannot happen and therefore we dont have to turn away. Supervillains Ultimate Purpose In the end, our interest in supervillains can be healthy or unhealthy. Even the more maladaptive reasons for such fascination tend to arise from motivations that were originally healthy and natural frustrated drives that went the wrong way. Remember, though, that superheroic fiction ultimately begins and ends with the heroes. Comic book writers and artists create supervillains, who move in and out as guest stars and supporting cast, first and foremost to reveal how heroic the comics stars can be. (Adapted from https://www.wired.com/2012/07/why-do-supervillainsfascinate-us/) Glossary: 1. fiend an evil and cruel person 2. to dwell remain 3. foe an enemy 4. to wield influence, use power 5. menace threat 6. to nab thugs arrest criminals 7. odds probability 8. to traipse into mob hangouts walk among places where gangs, criminals meet 9. poorly lit alleyways narrow road or path with little light 10. to baffle confuse somebody completely Mark the option in which the sentence is an example of passive voice.