Questões de Inglês - AFA | Gabarito e resoluções

(AFA - 2015) TEXT I JOBS AT HIGH RISK It is an invisible force that goes by many names.Computerization. Automation. Artificial intelligence. Technology. Innovation. And, everyones favorite,ROBOTS. Whatever name you prefer, some form of it hasbeen stimulating progress and killing jobs from tailors to paralegals for centuries. But this time is different:nearly half of American jobs today could be automated in a decade or two. The question is: which half? Another way of posing the same question is:Where do machines work better than people?7 Tractors are more powerful than farmers8. Robotic arms are stronger and more tireless than assembly-line workers. But in the past 30 years, software and robots havesucceeded replacing aarticular kind of occupation: the average-wage, middle-skill, routine-heavy worker, especially in manufacturing and office administration. Indeed, its projected that the next wave ofcomputer progress1 will continue to endanger humanwork where it already has: manufacturing, administrativesupport, retail, and transportation. Most remaining factory jobs are likely to diminish over the next decades. Cashiers, counter clerks, and telemarketers are similarly endangered. On the other hand, health care workers, people responsible for our safety, and management positions are the least likely to be automated6. Thenext big thing We might be on the edge of an innovating moment in robotics and artificial intelligence. Although the past 30 years have reduced the middle, high- and low-skill jobs have actually increased, as if protected from the invading armies of robots by their own moats.Higher-skill workers have been protected by a kind ofsocial-intelligence moat. Computers are historically good at executing routines, but theyre bad at finding patterns,communicating with people, and making decisions,which is what managers are paid to do. This is whysome people think managersare, for the moment, one ofthe largest categories immune to the fast wave of AI. Meanwhile, lower-skill workers have beenprotected by the Moravec moat. Hans Moravec was a futurist who pointed out that machine technology copieda savant infant: Machines could do long math equations instantly and beat anybody in chess, but they cant answer a simple question or walk up a flight of stairs. Asa result, not skilled work done by people without much education (like home health care workers, or fast-food attendants) have been saved, too. The human half In the 19th century, new manufacturing technology replaced what was then skilled labor. In thesecond half of the 20th century, however, software technology took the place of median-salaried office work.The first wave showed that machines are better at assembling things. The second showed that machinesare better at organizing things. Now data analytics andself-driving cars suggest they might be better at pattern recognition and driving. So what are we better at? The safest industries and jobs are dominated by managers4, health-care workers, and a super-category that includes education, media, and community service.One conclusion to draw from this is that humans are, and will always be, superior at working with, and caringfor other humans. In this light, automation doesnt makethe world worse. Far from it: it creates new opportunitiesfor human creativity. But robots are already creeping into diagnostics and surgeries. Schools are already experimenting with software that replaces teaching hours. The fact thatsome industries have been safe from automation for the last three decades3doesnt guarantee that theyll be safefor the next one. It would be anxious enough if we knew exactly which jobs are next in line for automation. The truth is scarier5. We dont really have a clue.2 (Adapted from http://www.businessinsider.com/robots-overtakingamerican-jobs-2014-1) Glossary: savant infant a child with great knowledge and ability to assemble to make something by joining separate parts to creep to move slowly, quietly and carefully Mark the option that contains an adjective in the same form as in The safest industries and jobs are dominated by managers [...] (reference 4).

(AFA - 2015) JOBS OF THE FUTURE There is no future in any job. The future lies in the person who holds the job. George W. Crane One of my primary complaints with higher education is that they tend to prepare students for jobs of the past. Similarly, the best paying jobs of the future are all jobs that currently exist today. Many of them1will stillexist in the future, but with some changes as technology and communication systems make their impact As a rule of thumb, 60% of the jobs 10 years from now havent been invented yet. With that in mind, Ive decided to put together a list of some jobs that will bein high demand in the future. Jobs before 2020 Many of the changes we see today will causenew jobs to materialize quickly. This first section deals with new positions that will likely2be developed within thenext 10 years. 3D printing engineers Classes in 3D printing are already being introduced into high schools and the demand for printer-produced products will rise3quickly.The trend will be for these worker-less workshops to enter virtually different fields, at the same time, driving the need for competent technicians and engineers todesign and maintain the next wave of this technology. Nano-medics Health professionals capable of workingon the nano-level, both in designing diagnostics systems, remedies, and monitoring solutions will be in highdemand. Organ agents The demand for transplantable organs is exploding4and people who can track down and deliverhealthy organs will be in hot demand. Octogenarian service providers As the population continues to age5we will have record numbers of peopleliving into their 80s, 90s, and 100s. This growing group ofactive oldsters will provide a demand for goods andservices currently not being addressed in todaysmarketplace. Jobs in 2030 and beyond A number of technologies currently on thedrawing board will require a bit longer lead time beforethe industry comes into its own. Here are a few examplesof these kinds of jobs: Body part limb makers The organ agents listed before will quickly find themselves out of work as soon as we figure out how to efficiently grow and mass produceour own organs from scratch. Earthquake forecasters While scientists are developing skills to work with nanoscale precision on theearths surface, the best we can know about below the surface is blindfolded guesswork done with 100-mileprecision. What we dont know is literally killing us over 226,000 killed6in 2010 alone. But that will change overtime as we begin to understand the inner working of the earth and accurately forecast when the next big quakes are about to hit Heavy airengineers Compressed air is useful in a wide variety of ways. However, we have yet to figure out how to compress streams of air as they pass through our existing atmosphere. Once we do, it will create untold opportunity for non-surface based housing andtransportation system, weather control, and other kinds of experimentation. Final thoughts The jobs and occupations listed above are justscratching the surface7. This list is intended to help stretch your imagination and start you down a pathof imagining your own future. (Adapted fromhttp://www.futuristspeaker.com/2011/11/55-jobs-of-the-future) Read the statements and mark the right option. I. Universities and colleges prepare students for jobs that already exist. II. All jobs of the future will be better paid than todays jobs. III. The majority of future jobs are still unknown. The correct statement(s) is (are)

(AFA - 2015) JOBS OF THE FUTURE There is no future in any job. The future lies in the person who holds the job. George W. Crane One of my primary complaints with higher education is that they tend to prepare students for jobs of the past. Similarly, the best paying jobs of the future are all jobs that currently exist today. Many of them1will stillexist in the future, but with some changes as technology and communication systems make their impact As a rule of thumb, 60% of the jobs 10 years from now havent been invented yet. With that in mind, Ive decided to put together a list of some jobs that will bein high demand in the future. Jobs before 2020 Many of the changes we see today will causenew jobs to materialize quickly. This first section deals with new positions that will likely2be developed within thenext 10 years. 3D printing engineers Classes in 3D printing are already being introduced into high schools and the demand for printer-produced products will rise3quickly.The trend will be for these worker-less workshops to enter virtually different fields, at the same time, driving the need for competent technicians and engineers todesign and maintain the next wave of this technology. Nano-medics Health professionals capable of workingon the nano-level, both in designing diagnostics systems, remedies, and monitoring solutions will be in highdemand. Organ agents The demand for transplantable organs is exploding4and people who can track down and deliverhealthy organs will be in hot demand. Octogenarian service providers As the population continues to age5we will have record numbers of peopleliving into their 80s, 90s, and 100s. This growing group ofactive oldsters will provide a demand for goods andservices currently not being addressed in todaysmarketplace. Jobs in 2030 and beyond A number of technologies currently on thedrawing board will require a bit longer lead time beforethe industry comes into its own. Here are a few examplesof these kinds of jobs: Body part limb makers The organ agents listed before will quickly find themselves out of work as soon as we figure out how to efficiently grow and mass produceour own organs from scratch. Earthquake forecasters While scientists are developing skills to work with nanoscale precision on theearths surface, the best we can know about below the surface is blindfolded guesswork done with 100-mileprecision. What we dont know is literally killing us over 226,000 killed6in 2010 alone. But that will change overtime as we begin to understand the inner working of the earth and accurately forecast when the next big quakes are about to hit Heavy airengineers Compressed air is useful in a wide variety of ways. However, we have yet to figure out how to compress streams of air as they pass through our existing atmosphere. Once we do, it will create untold opportunity for non-surface based housing andtransportation system, weather control, and other kinds of experimentation. Final thoughts The jobs and occupations listed above are justscratching the surface7. This list is intended to help stretch your imagination and start you down a pathof imagining your own future. (Adapted fromhttp://www.futuristspeaker.com/2011/11/55-jobs-of-the-future) The texts main goal is to

(AFA - 2015) JOBS OF THE FUTURE There is no future in any job. The future lies in the person who holds the job. George W. Crane One of my primary complaints with higher education is that they tend to prepare students for jobs of the past. Similarly, the best paying jobs of the future are all jobs that currently exist today. Many of them1will stillexist in the future, but with some changes as technology and communication systems make their impact As a rule of thumb, 60% of the jobs 10 years from now havent been invented yet. With that in mind, Ive decided to put together a list of some jobs that will bein high demand in the future. Jobs before 2020 Many of the changes we see today will causenew jobs to materialize quickly. This first section deals with new positions that will likely2be developed within thenext 10 years. 3D printing engineers Classes in 3D printing are already being introduced into high schools and the demand for printer-produced products will rise3quickly.The trend will be for these worker-less workshops to enter virtually different fields, at the same time, driving the need for competent technicians and engineers todesign and maintain the next wave of this technology. Nano-medics Health professionals capable of workingon the nano-level, both in designing diagnostics systems, remedies, and monitoring solutions will be in highdemand. Organ agents The demand for transplantable organs is exploding4and people who can track down and deliverhealthy organs will be in hot demand. Octogenarian service providers As the population continues to age5we will have record numbers of peopleliving into their 80s, 90s, and 100s. This growing group ofactive oldsters will provide a demand for goods andservices currently not being addressed in todaysmarketplace. Jobs in 2030 and beyond A number of technologies currently on thedrawing board will require a bit longer lead time beforethe industry comes into its own. Here are a few examplesof these kinds of jobs: Body part limb makers The organ agents listed before will quickly find themselves out of work as soon as we figure out how to efficiently grow and mass produceour own organs from scratch. Earthquake forecasters While scientists are developing skills to work with nanoscale precision on theearths surface, the best we can know about below the surface is blindfolded guesswork done with 100-mileprecision. What we dont know is literally killing us over 226,000 killed6in 2010 alone. But that will change overtime as we begin to understand the inner working of the earth and accurately forecast when the next big quakes are about to hit Heavy airengineers Compressed air is useful in a wide variety of ways. However, we have yet to figure out how to compress streams of air as they pass through our existing atmosphere. Once we do, it will create untold opportunity for non-surface based housing andtransportation system, weather control, and other kinds of experimentation. Final thoughts The jobs and occupations listed above are justscratching the surface7. This list is intended to help stretch your imagination and start you down a pathof imagining your own future. (Adapted fromhttp://www.futuristspeaker.com/2011/11/55-jobs-of-the-future) Mark the INCORRECT alternative.

(AFA - 2015) JOBS OF THE FUTURE There is no future in any job. The future lies in the person who holds the job. George W. Crane One of my primary complaints with higher education is that they tend to prepare students for jobs of the past. Similarly, the best paying jobs of the future are all jobs that currently exist today. Many of them1will stillexist in the future, but with some changes as technology and communication systems make their impact As a rule of thumb, 60% of the jobs 10 years from now havent been invented yet. With that in mind, Ive decided to put together a list of some jobs that will bein high demand in the future. Jobs before 2020 Many of the changes we see today will causenew jobs to materialize quickly. This first section deals with new positions that will likely2be developed within thenext 10 years. 3D printing engineers Classes in 3D printing are already being introduced into high schools and the demand for printer-produced products will rise3quickly.The trend will be for these worker-less workshops to enter virtually different fields, at the same time, driving the need for competent technicians and engineers todesign and maintain the next wave of this technology. Nano-medics Health professionals capable of workingon the nano-level, both in designing diagnostics systems, remedies, and monitoring solutions will be in highdemand. Organ agents The demand for transplantable organs is exploding4and people who can track down and deliverhealthy organs will be in hot demand. Octogenarian service providers As the population continues to age5we will have record numbers of peopleliving into their 80s, 90s, and 100s. This growing group ofactive oldsters will provide a demand for goods andservices currently not being addressed in todaysmarketplace. Jobs in 2030 and beyond A number of technologies currently on thedrawing board will require a bit longer lead time beforethe industry comes into its own. Here are a few examplesof these kinds of jobs: Body part limb makers The organ agents listed before will quickly find themselves out of work as soon as we figure out how to efficiently grow and mass produceour own organs from scratch. Earthquake forecasters While scientists are developing skills to work with nanoscale precision on theearths surface, the best we can know about below the surface is blindfolded guesswork done with 100-mileprecision. What we dont know is literally killing us over 226,000 killed6in 2010 alone. But that will change overtime as we begin to understand the inner working of the earth and accurately forecast when the next big quakes are about to hit. Heavy airengineers Compressed air is useful in a wide variety of ways. However, we have yet to figure out how to compress streams of air as they pass through our existing atmosphere. Once we do, it will create untold opportunity for non-surface based housing andtransportation system, weather control, and other kinds of experimentation. Final thoughts The jobs and occupations listed above are justscratching the surface7. This list is intended to help stretch your imagination and start you down a pathof imagining your own future. (Adapted fromhttp://www.futuristspeaker.com/2011/11/55-jobs-of-the-future) Many of them will still exist in the future, but with some changes as technology and communication systems make their impact. The underlined word (reference 1) refers to

(AFA - 2015) JOBS OF THE FUTURE There is no future in any job. The future lies in the person who holds the job. George W. Crane One of my primary complaints with higher education is that they tend to prepare students for jobs of the past. Similarly, the best paying jobs of the future are all jobs that currently exist today. Many of them1will stillexist in the future, but with some changes as technology and communication systems make their impact As a rule of thumb, 60% of the jobs 10 years from now havent been invented yet. With that in mind, Ive decided to put together a list of some jobs that will bein high demand in the future. Jobs before 2020 Many of the changes we see today will causenew jobs to materialize quickly. This first section deals with new positions that will likely2be developed within thenext 10 years. 3D printing engineers Classes in 3D printing are already being introduced into high schools and the demand for printer-produced products will rise3quickly.The trend will be for these worker-less workshops to enter virtually different fields, at the same time, driving the need for competent technicians and engineers todesign and maintain the next wave of this technology. Nano-medics Health professionals capable of workingon the nano-level, both in designing diagnostics systems, remedies, and monitoring solutions will be in highdemand. Organ agents The demand for transplantable organs is exploding4and people who can track down and deliverhealthy organs will be in hot demand. Octogenarian service providers As the population continues to age5we will have record numbers of peopleliving into their 80s, 90s, and 100s. This growing group ofactive oldsters will provide a demand for goods andservices currently not being addressed in todaysmarketplace. Jobs in 2030 and beyond A number of technologies currently on thedrawing board will require a bit longer lead time beforethe industry comes into its own. Here are a few examplesof these kinds of jobs: Body part limb makers The organ agents listed before will quickly find themselves out of work as soon as we figure out how to efficiently grow and mass produceour own organs from scratch. Earthquake forecasters While scientists are developing skills to work with nanoscale precision on theearths surface, the best we can know about below the surface is blindfolded guesswork done with 100-mileprecision. What we dont know is literally killing us over 226,000 killed6in 2010 alone. But that will change overtime as we begin to understand the inner working of the earth and accurately forecast when the next big quakes are about to hit Heavy airengineers Compressed air is useful in a wide variety of ways. However, we have yet to figure out how to compress streams of air as they pass through our existing atmosphere. Once we do, it will create untold opportunity for non-surface based housing andtransportation system, weather control, and other kinds of experimentation. Final thoughts The jobs and occupations listed above are justscratching the surface7. This list is intended to help stretch your imagination and start you down a pathof imagining your own future. (Adapted fromhttp://www.futuristspeaker.com/2011/11/55-jobs-of-the-future) This first section deals with new positions that will likely be developed within the next 10 years. The underlined word (reference 2) is closest in meaning to

(AFA - 2015) JOBS OF THE FUTURE There is no future in any job. The future lies in the person who holds the job. George W. Crane One of my primary complaints with higher education is that they tend to prepare students for jobs of the past. Similarly, the best paying jobs of the future are all jobs that currently exist today. Many of them1will stillexist in the future, but with some changes as technology and communication systems make their impact As a rule of thumb, 60% of the jobs 10 years from now havent been invented yet. With that in mind, Ive decided to put together a list of some jobs that will bein high demand in the future. Jobs before 2020 Many of the changes we see today will causenew jobs to materialize quickly. This first section deals with new positions that will likely2be developed within thenext 10 years. 3D printing engineers Classes in 3D printing are already being introduced into high schools and the demand for printer-produced products will rise3quickly.The trend will be for these worker-less workshops to enter virtually different fields, at the same time, driving the need for competent technicians and engineers todesign and maintain the next wave of this technology. Nano-medics Health professionals capable of workingon the nano-level, both in designing diagnostics systems, remedies, and monitoring solutions will be in highdemand. Organ agents The demand for transplantable organs is exploding4and people who can track down and deliverhealthy organs will be in hot demand. Octogenarian service providers As the population continues to age5we will have record numbers of peopleliving into their 80s, 90s, and 100s. This growing group ofactive oldsters will provide a demand for goods andservices currently not being addressed in todaysmarketplace. Jobs in 2030 and beyond A number of technologies currently on thedrawing board will require a bit longer lead time beforethe industry comes into its own. Here are a few examplesof these kinds of jobs: Body part limb makers The organ agents listed before will quickly find themselves out of work as soon as we figure out how to efficiently grow and mass produceour own organs from scratch. Earthquake forecasters While scientists are developing skills to work with nanoscale precision on theearths surface, the best we can know about below the surface is blindfolded guesswork done with 100-mileprecision. What we dont know is literally killing us over 226,000 killed6in 2010 alone. But that will change overtime as we begin to understand the inner working of the earth and accurately forecast when the next big quakes are about to hit Heavy airengineers Compressed air is useful in a wide variety of ways. However, we have yet to figure out how to compress streams of air as they pass through our existing atmosphere. Once we do, it will create untold opportunity for non-surface based housing andtransportation system, weather control, and other kinds of experimentation. Final thoughts The jobs and occupations listed above are justscratching the surface7. This list is intended to help stretch your imagination and start you down a pathof imagining your own future. (Adapted fromhttp://www.futuristspeaker.com/2011/11/55-jobs-of-the-future) All the following verbs are used in the text in their literal meaning, EXCEPT

(AFA - 2015) JOBS OF THE FUTURE There is no future in any job. The future lies in the person who holds the job. George W. Crane One of my primary complaints with higher education is that they tend to prepare students for jobs of the past. Similarly, the best paying jobs of the future are all jobs that currently exist today. Many of them1will stillexist in the future, but with some changes as technology and communication systems make their impact As a rule of thumb, 60% of the jobs 10 years from now havent been invented yet. With that in mind, Ive decided to put together a list of some jobs that will bein high demand in the future. Jobs before 2020 Many of the changes we see today will causenew jobs to materialize quickly. This first section deals with new positions that will likely2be developed within thenext 10 years. 3D printing engineers Classes in 3D printing are already being introduced into high schools and the demand for printer-produced products will rise3quickly.The trend will be for these worker-less workshops to enter virtually different fields, at the same time, driving the need for competent technicians and engineers todesign and maintain the next wave of this technology. Nano-medics Health professionals capable of workingon the nano-level, both in designing diagnostics systems, remedies, and monitoring solutions will be in highdemand. Organ agents The demand for transplantable organs is exploding4and people who can track down and deliverhealthy organs will be in hot demand. Octogenarian service providers As the population continues to age5we will have record numbers of peopleliving into their 80s, 90s, and 100s. This growing group ofactive oldsters will provide a demand for goods andservices currently not being addressed in todaysmarketplace. Jobs in 2030 and beyond A number of technologies currently on thedrawing board will require a bit longer lead time beforethe industry comes into its own. Here are a few examplesof these kinds of jobs: Body part limb makers The organ agents listed before will quickly find themselves out of work as soon as we figure out how to efficiently grow and mass produceour own organs from scratch. Earthquake forecasters While scientists are developing skills to work with nanoscale precision on theearths surface, the best we can know about below the surface is blindfolded guesswork done with 100-mileprecision. What we dont know is literally killing us over 226,000 killed6in 2010 alone. But that will change overtime as we begin to understand the inner working of the earth and accurately forecast when the next big quakes are about to hit Heavy airengineers Compressed air is useful in a wide variety of ways. However, we have yet to figure out how to compress streams of air as they pass through our existing atmosphere. Once we do, it will create untold opportunity for non-surface based housing andtransportation system, weather control, and other kinds of experimentation. Final thoughts The jobs and occupations listed above are justscratching the surface7. This list is intended to help stretch your imagination and start you down a pathof imagining your own future. (Adapted fromhttp://www.futuristspeaker.com/2011/11/55-jobs-of-the-future) The jobs and occupations listed above are just scratching the surface. (reference 7). This sentence means that

(AFA - 2015) JOBS OF THE FUTURE There is no future in any job. The future lies in the person who holds the job. George W. Crane One of my primary complaints with higher education is that they tend to prepare students for jobs of the past. Similarly, the best paying jobs of the future are all jobs that currently exist today. Many of them1will stillexist in the future, but with some changes as technology and communication systems make their impact As a rule of thumb, 60% of the jobs 10 years from now havent been invented yet. With that in mind, Ive decided to put together a list of some jobs that will bein high demand in the future. Jobs before 2020 Many of the changes we see today will causenew jobs to materialize quickly. This first section deals with new positions that will likely2 be developed within thenext 10 years. 3D printing engineers Classes in 3D printing are already being introduced into high schools and the demand for printer-produced products will rise3 quickly.The trend will be for these worker-less workshops to enter virtually different fields, at the same time, driving the need for competent technicians and engineers todesign and maintain the next wave of this technology. Nano-medics Health professionals capable of workingon the nano-level, both in designing diagnostics systems, remedies, and monitoring solutions will be in highdemand. Organ agents The demand for transplantable organs is exploding4 and people who can track down and deliverhealthy organs will be in hot demand. Octogenarian service providers As the population continues to age5we will have record numbers of peopleliving into their 80s, 90s, and 100s. This growing group ofactive oldsters will provide a demand for goods andservices currently not being addressed in todaysmarketplace. Jobs in 2030 and beyond A number of technologies currently on thedrawing board will require a bit longer lead time beforethe industry comes into its own. Here are a few examplesof these kinds of jobs: Body part limb makers The organ agents listed before will quickly find themselves out of work as soon as we figure out how to efficiently grow and mass produceour own organs from scratch. Earthquake forecasters While scientists are developing skills to work with nanoscale precision on theearths surface, the best we can know about below the surface is blindfolded guesswork done with 100-mileprecision. What we dont know is literally killing us over 226,000 killed6 in 2010 alone. But that will change overtime as we begin to understand the inner working of the earth and accurately forecast when the next big quakes are about to hit Heavy air engineers Compressed air is useful in a wide variety of ways. However, we have yet to figure out how to compress streams of air as they pass through our existing atmosphere. Once we do, it will create untold opportunity for non-surface based housing andtransportation system, weather control, and other kinds of experimentation. Final thoughts The jobs and occupations listed above are justscratching the surface7. This list is intended to help stretch your imagination and start you down a pathof imagining your own future. (Adapted from http://www.futuristspeaker.com/2011/11/55-jobs-of-the-future) There is no future in any job. The future lies in the person who holds the job. George W. Crane. Cranes quotation in the indirect speech is best shown in

(AFA - 2014) ETHICS OF WAR Human beings have been fighting each other since prehistoric times, and people have been discussing the rights and wrongs of it for almost as long. The Ethics of War starts by assuming that war is 5a bad thing, and should be avoided if possible, but it recognizes that there can be situations when warmaybe the lesser evil of several bad choices. War is a bad thing because it involves deliberately killing or injuring people, and this is a 10fundamental wrong an abuse of the victims human rights. The purpose of war ethics is to help decide what is right or wrong, both for individuals and countries, and to contribute to debates on public policy, and ultimately to 15government and individual action. War ethics also leads to the creation of formal codes of war (e.g. the Hague and Geneva conventions), the drafting and implementation of rules of engagement for soldiers, and in the punishment of soldiers and others 20for war crimes. The three key questions are: Is it ever right to go to war? When is it right to fight? What is the moral way to conduct a war? 25 The discussion of the ethics of war goes back to the Greeks and Romans, althoughneithercivilization behaved particularly well in war. In the Christian tradition war ethics were developed by St Augustine, and later by St Thomas 30Aquinas and others. Hugo Grotius (1583-1645), a Dutch philosopher and author of De Jure Belli Ac Pacis (The Rights of War and Peace), wrote down the conditions for a just war that are accepted today. 35 Cicero argued that there was no acceptable reason for war outside of just revenge or self-defence in which he included the defence of honor. He also argued that a war could not be just unless it was publicly declared and unless compensation 40for the enemys offence had first been demanded. Cicero based his argument on the assumption that nature and human reason influenced a society against war, and that there was a fundamental code of behavior for nations. Adapted from http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/war/. Shtml Acessado em 14/03/2013 The main purpose of this text is to

(AFA - 2014) ETHICS OF WAR Human beings have been fighting each other since prehistoric times, and people have been discussing the rights and wrongs of it for almost as long. The Ethics of War starts by assuming that war is 5a bad thing, and should be avoided if possible, but it recognizes that there can be situations when warmaybe the lesser evil of several bad choices. War is a bad thing because it involves deliberately killing or injuring people, and this is a 10fundamental wrong an abuse of the victims human rights. The purpose of war ethics is to help decide what is right or wrong, both for individuals and countries, and to contribute to debates on public policy, and ultimately to 15government and individual action. War ethics also leads to the creation of formal codes of war (e.g. the Hague and Geneva conventions), the drafting and implementation of rules of engagement for soldiers, and in the punishment of soldiers and others 20for war crimes. The three key questions are: Is it ever right to go to war? When is it right to fight? What is the moral way to conduct a war? 25 The discussion of the ethics of war goes back to the Greeks and Romans, althoughneithercivilization behaved particularly well in war. In the Christian tradition war ethics were developed by St Augustine, and later by St Thomas 30Aquinas and others. Hugo Grotius (1583-1645), a Dutch philosopher and author of De Jure Belli Ac Pacis (The Rights of War and Peace), wrote down the conditions for a just war that are accepted today. 35 Cicero argued that there was no acceptable reason for war outside of just revenge or self-defence in which he included the defence of honor. He also argued that a war could not be just unless it was publicly declared and unless compensation 40for the enemys offence had first been demanded. Cicero based his argument on the assumption that nature and human reason influenced a society against war, and that there was a fundamental code of behavior for nations. Adapted from http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/war/. Shtml Acessado em 14/03/2013 War ethics intention, according to the text, is to show that

(AFA - 2014) ETHICS OF WAR Human beings have been fighting each other since prehistoric times, and people have been discussing the rights and wrongs of it for almost as long. The Ethics of War starts by assuming that war is 5a bad thing, and should be avoided if possible, but it recognizes that there can be situations when war may be the lesser evil of several bad choices. War is a bad thing because it involves deliberately killing or injuring people, and this is a 10fundamental wrong an abuse of the victims human rights. The purpose of war ethics is to help decide what is right or wrong, both for individuals and countries, and to contribute to debates on public policy, and ultimately to 15government and individual action. War ethics also leads to the creation of formal codes of war (e.g. the Hague and Geneva conventions), the drafting and implementation of rules of engagement for soldiers, and in the punishment of soldiers and others 20for war crimes. The three key questions are: Is it ever right to go to war? When is it right to fight? What is the moral way to conduct a war? 25 The discussion of the ethics of war goes back to the Greeks and Romans, although neither civilization behaved particularly well in war. In the Christian tradition war ethics were developed by St Augustine, and later by St Thomas 30Aquinas and others. Hugo Grotius (1583-1645), a Dutch philosopher and author of De Jure Belli Ac Pacis (The Rights of War and Peace), wrote down the conditions for a just war that are accepted today. 35 Cicero argued that there was no acceptable reason for war outside of just revenge or self-defence in which he included the defence of honor. He also argued that a war could not be just unless it was publicly declared and unless compensation 40for the enemys offence had first been demanded. Cicero based his argument on the assumption that nature and human reason influenced a society against war, and that there was a fundamental code of behavior for nations. Adapted from http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/war/. Shtml Acessado em 14/03/2013 According to the first paragraph, its correct to state that

(AFA - 2014) ETHICS OF WAR Human beings have been fighting each other since prehistoric times, and people have been discussing the rights and wrongs of it for almost as long. The Ethics of War starts by assuming that war is 5a bad thing, and should be avoided if possible, but it recognizes that there can be situations when warmaybe the lesser evil of several bad choices. War is a bad thing because it involves deliberately killing or injuring people, and this is a 10fundamental wrong an abuse of the victims human rights. The purpose of war ethics is to help decide what is right or wrong, both for individuals and countries, and to contribute to debates on public policy, and ultimately to 15government and individual action. War ethics also leads to the creation of formal codes of war (e.g. the Hague and Geneva conventions), the drafting and implementation of rules of engagement for soldiers, and in the punishment of soldiers and others 20for war crimes. The three key questions are: Is it ever right to go to war? When is it right to fight? What is the moral way to conduct a war? 25 The discussion of the ethics of war goes back to the Greeks and Romans, althoughneithercivilization behaved particularly well in war. In the Christian tradition war ethics were developed by St Augustine, and later by St Thomas 30Aquinas and others. Hugo Grotius (1583-1645), a Dutch philosopher and author of De Jure Belli Ac Pacis (The Rights of War and Peace), wrote down the conditions for a just war that are accepted today. 35 Cicero argued that there was no acceptable reason for war outside of just revenge or self-defence in which he included the defence of honor. He also argued that a war could not be just unless it was publicly declared and unless compensation 40for the enemys offence had first been demanded. Cicero based his argument on the assumption that nature and human reason influenced a society against war, and that there was a fundamental code of behavior for nations. Adapted from http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/war/. Shtml Acessado em 14/03/2013 The best definition for the word drafting (line 18) is a/the

(AFA - 2014) ETHICS OF WAR Human beings have been fighting each other since prehistoric times, and people have been discussing the rights and wrongs of it for almost as long. The Ethics of War starts by assuming that war is 5a bad thing, and should be avoided if possible, but it recognizes that there can be situations when war may be the lesser evil of several bad choices. War is a bad thing because it involves deliberately killing or injuring people, and this is a 10fundamental wrong an abuse of the victims human rights. The purpose of war ethics is to help decide what is right or wrong, both for individuals and countries, and to contribute to debates on public policy, and ultimately to 15government and individual action. War ethics also leads to the creation of formal codes of war (e.g. the Hague and Geneva conventions), the drafting and implementation of rules of engagement for soldiers, and in the punishment of soldiers and others 20for war crimes. The three key questions are: Is it ever right to go to war? When is it right to fight? What is the moral way to conduct a war? 25 The discussion of the ethics of war goes back to the Greeks and Romans, although neither civilization behaved particularly well in war. In the Christian tradition war ethics were developed by St Augustine, and later by St Thomas 30Aquinas and others. Hugo Grotius (1583-1645), a Dutch philosopher and author of De Jure Belli Ac Pacis (The Rights of War and Peace), wrote down the conditions for a just war that are accepted today. 35 Cicero argued that there was no acceptable reason for war outside of just revenge or self-defence in which he included the defence of honor. He also argued that a war could not be just unless it was publicly declared and unless compensation 40for the enemys offence had first been demanded. Cicero based his argument on the assumption that nature and human reason influenced a society against war, and that there was a fundamental code of behavior for nations. Adapted from http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/war/. Shtml Acessado em 14/03/2013 In the phrase should be avoided (line 5) the modal verb expresses

(AFA - 2014) ETHICS OF WAR Human beings have been fighting each other since prehistoric times, and people have been discussing the rights and wrongs of it for almost as long. The Ethics of War starts by assuming that war is 5a bad thing, and should be avoided if possible, but it recognizes that there can be situations when war may be the lesser evil of several bad choices. War is a bad thing because it involves deliberately killing or injuring people, and this is a 10fundamental wrong an abuse of the victims human rights. The purpose of war ethics is to help decide what is right or wrong, both for individuals and countries, and to contribute to debates on public policy, and ultimately to 15government and individual action. War ethics also leads to the creation of formal codes of war (e.g. the Hague and Geneva conventions), the drafting and implementation of rules of engagement for soldiers, and in the punishment of soldiers and others 20for war crimes. The three key questions are: Is it ever right to go to war? When is it right to fight? What is the moral way to conduct a war? 25 The discussion of the ethics of war goes back to the Greeks and Romans, although neither civilization behaved particularly well in war. In the Christian tradition war ethics were developed by St Augustine, and later by St Thomas 30Aquinas and others. Hugo Grotius (1583-1645), a Dutch philosopher and author of De Jure Belli Ac Pacis (The Rights of War and Peace), wrote down the conditions for a just war that are accepted today. 35 Cicero argued that there was no acceptable reason for war outside of just revenge or self-defence in which he included the defence of honor. He also argued that a war could not be just unless it was publicly declared and unless compensation 40for the enemys offence had first been demanded. Cicero based his argument on the assumption that nature and human reason influenced a society against war, and that there was a fundamental code of behavior for nations. Adapted from http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/war/. Shtml Acessado em 14/03/2013 Choose the alternative in which the determiner neither is used with the same meaning as the one in italics in the text.