Questões de Inglês - ITA | Gabarito e resoluções

(ITA - 2019 - 1 FASE) A questo se refere tirinha a seguir: No contexto da tirinha, todas as palavras pertencentes mesma classe gramatical, EXCETO:

(ITA - 2019 - 1 FASE) Artificial intelligence (AI) is going to play an enormous role in our lives and in the global economy. It is the key to self-driving cars, the AmazonAlexa in your home, autonomous trading desks on Wall Street, innovation in medicine, and cyberwar defenses. Technology is rarely good nor evil its all in how humans use it. AI could do anenormous amount of goodand solve some of the worlds hardest problems, but that same power could beturned against us. AI could be set up to inflict bias based on race or beliefs, invade our privacy, learn about and exploit our personal weaknesses and do a lot of nefarious things we cant yet foresee. Which means that our policymakers must understand and help guide AI so it benefits society. [...] We dont wantoverreaching regulationthat goes beyond keeping us safe and ends up stifling innovation. Regulators helped make it so difficult to develop atomic energy, today the U.S. gets only 20% of its electricity from nuclear power. So while we need a Federal Artificial Intelligence Agency, or FAIA, I would prefer to see it created as a public-private partnership. Washington should bring in AI experts from the tech industry to a federal agency designed to understand and direct AI and to inform lawmakers. Perhaps the AI experts would rotate through Washington on a kind of public service tour of duty. Importantly, were at the beginning of a new era in government one where governance is software-defined. The nature of AI and algorithms means we need to develop a new kind of agency one that includes both humans and software. The software will help monitor algorithms. Existing, old-school regulations that rely on manual enforcement are too cumbersome to keep up with technology and too dumb to monitor algorithms in a timely way. Software-defined regulation can monitor software-driven industries better than regulations enforced by squads of regulators. Algorithms can continuously watch emerging utilities such as Facebook, looking for details and patterns that humans might never catch, but nonetheless signal abuses. If Congress wants to make sure Facebook doesnt exploit political biases, it could direct the FAIA to write an algorithm to look for the behavior. Its just as important to have algorithms that keep an eye on the role of humans inside these companies. We want technology that can tell ifAirbnb hosts are illegally turning down minoritiesor if Facebooks human editors aresquashing conservative news headlines. The watchdog algorithms can be like open-source software open to examination by anyone, while the companies keep private proprietary algorithms and data. If the algorithms are public, anyone can run various datasets against them and analyze for off the rails behaviors and unexpected results. Clearly, AI needs some governance. As Facebook is proving, we cant rely on companies to monitor and regulate themselves. Public companies, especially, are incentivized to make the biggest profits possible, and their algorithms will optimize for financial goals, not societal goals. But as a tech investor, I dont want to see an ill-informed Congress set up regulatory schemes for social networks, search and other key services that then make our dynamic tech companies as dull and bureaucratic as electric companies. [...] Technology companies and policymakers need to come together soon and share ideas about AI governance and the establishment of a software-driven AI agency.[...] Lets do this before bad regulations get enacted and before AI gets away from us and does more damage. We have a chance right now to tee up AI so it does tremendous good. To unleash it in a positive direction, we need to get the checks and balances in place right now. Adaptado de: https://www.marketwatch.com/story/artificial-intelligence-is-too-powerful-to-be-left-to-facebook-amazon-and-other-tech-giants-2018-04-23 Acesso em: jun. 2018. Assinale a alternativa INCORRETA. No texto, o autor afirma que

(ITA - 2019 - 1 FASE) Artificial intelligence (AI) is going to play an enormous role in our lives and in the global economy. It is the key to self-driving cars, the AmazonAlexa in your home, autonomous trading desks on Wall Street, innovation in medicine, and cyberwar defenses. Technology is rarely good nor evil its all in how humans use it. AI could do anenormous amount of goodand solve some of the worlds hardest problems, but that same power could beturned against us. AI could be set up to inflict bias based on race or beliefs, invade our privacy, learn about and exploit our personal weaknesses and do a lot of nefarious things we cant yet foresee. Which means that our policymakers must understand and help guide AI so it benefits society. [...] We dont wantoverreaching regulationthat goes beyond keeping us safe and ends up stifling innovation. Regulators helped make it so difficult to develop atomic energy, today the U.S. gets only 20% of its electricity from nuclear power. So while we need a Federal Artificial Intelligence Agency, or FAIA, I would prefer to see it created as a public-private partnership. Washington should bring in AI experts from the tech industry to a federal agency designed to understand and direct AI and to inform lawmakers. Perhaps the AI experts would rotate through Washington on a kind of public service tour of duty. Importantly, were at the beginning of a new era in government one where governance is software-defined. The nature of AI and algorithms means we need to develop a new kind of agency one that includes both humans and software. The software will help monitor algorithms. Existing, old-school regulations that rely on manual enforcement are too cumbersome to keep up with technology and too dumb to monitor algorithms in a timely way. Software-defined regulation can monitor software-driven industries better than regulations enforced by squads of regulators. Algorithms can continuously watch emerging utilities such as Facebook, looking for details and patterns that humans might never catch, but nonetheless signal abuses. If Congress wants to make sure Facebook doesnt exploit political biases, it could direct the FAIA to write an algorithm to look for the behavior. Its just as important to have algorithms that keep an eye on the role of humans inside these companies. We want technology that can tell ifAirbnb hosts are illegally turning down minoritiesor if Facebooks human editors aresquashing conservative news headlines. The watchdog algorithms can be like open-source software open to examination by anyone, while the companies keep private proprietary algorithms and data. If the algorithms are public, anyone can run various datasets against them and analyze for off the rails behaviors and unexpected results. Clearly, AI needs some governance. As Facebook is proving, we cant rely on companies to monitor and regulate themselves. Public companies, especially, are incentivized to make the biggest profits possible, and their algorithms will optimize for financial goals, not societal goals. But as a tech investor, I dont want to see an ill-informed Congress set up regulatory schemes for social networks, search and other key services that then make our dynamic tech companies as dull and bureaucratic as electric companies. [...] Technology companies and policymakers need to come together soon and share ideas about AI governance and the establishment of a software-driven AI agency.[...] Lets do this before bad regulations get enacted and before AI gets away from us and does more damage. We have a chance right now to tee up AI so it does tremendous good. To unleash it in a positive direction, we need to get the checks and balances in place right now. Adaptado de: https://www.marketwatch.com/story/artificial-intelligence-is-too-powerful-to-be-left-to-facebook-amazon-and-other-tech-giants-2018-04-23 Acesso em: jun. 2018. O autor defende uma regulao definida por software, pois I. a considera mais adequada para monitorar indstrias orientadas por software do que regulaes impostas por equipes de reguladores humanos. II. algoritmos podem procurar por detalhes e padres que os seres humanos talvez nunca pudessem descobrir, mas que, no obstante, so indicativos de abusos. III. precisamos de tecnologia que seja capaz de identificar comportamento como o do Facebook que, ao explorar vieses polticos, difundiu manchetes de partidos conservadores. IV. importante que algoritmos monitorem o papel dos seres humanos em empresas orientadas por software para evitar que minorias sejam prejudicadas na utilizao de servios.

(ITA - 2019 - 1 FASE) Artificial intelligence (AI) is going to play an enormous role in our lives and in the global economy. It is the key to self-driving cars, the AmazonAlexa in your home, autonomous trading desks on Wall Street, innovation in medicine, and cyberwar defenses. Technology is rarely good nor evil its all in how humans use it. AI could do anenormous amount of goodand solve some of the worlds hardest problems, but that same power could beturned against us. AI could be set up to inflict bias based on race or beliefs, invade our privacy, learn about and exploit our personal weaknesses and do a lot of nefarious things we cant yet foresee. Which means that our policymakers must understand and help guide AI so it benefits society. [...] We dont wantoverreaching regulationthat goes beyond keeping us safe and ends up stifling innovation. Regulators helped make it so difficult to develop atomic energy, today the U.S. gets only 20% of its electricity from nuclear power. So while we need a Federal Artificial Intelligence Agency, or FAIA, I would prefer to see it created as a public-private partnership. Washington should bring in AI experts from the tech industry to a federal agency designed to understand and direct AI and to inform lawmakers. Perhaps the AI experts would rotate through Washington on a kind of public service tour of duty. Importantly, were at the beginning of a new era in government one where governance is software-defined. The nature of AI and algorithms means we need to develop a new kind of agency one that includes both humans and software. The software will help monitor algorithms. Existing, old-school regulations that rely on manual enforcement are too cumbersome to keep up with technology and too dumb to monitor algorithms in a timely way. Software-defined regulation can monitor software-driven industries better than regulations enforced by squads of regulators. Algorithms can continuously watch emerging utilities such as Facebook, looking for details and patterns that humans might never catch, but nonetheless signal abuses. If Congress wants to make sure Facebook doesnt exploit political biases, it could direct the FAIA to write an algorithm to look for the behavior. Its just as important to have algorithms that keep an eye on the role of humans inside these companies. We want technology that can tell ifAirbnb hosts are illegally turning down minoritiesor if Facebooks human editors aresquashing conservative news headlines. The watchdog algorithms can be like open-source software open to examination by anyone, while the companies keep private proprietary algorithms and data. If the algorithms are public, anyone can run various datasets against them and analyze for off the rails behaviors and unexpected results. Clearly, AI needs some governance. As Facebook is proving, we cant rely on companies to monitor and regulate themselves. Public companies, especially, are incentivized to make the biggest profits possible, and their algorithms will optimize for financial goals, not societal goals. But as a tech investor, I dont want to see an ill-informed Congress set up regulatory schemes for social networks, search and other key services that then make our dynamic tech companies as dull and bureaucratic as electric companies. [...] Technology companies and policymakers need to come together soon and share ideas about AI governance and the establishment of a software-driven AI agency.[...] Lets do this before bad regulations get enacted and before AI gets away from us and does more damage. We have a chance right now to tee up AI so it does tremendous good. To unleash it in a positive direction, we need to get the checks and balances in place right now. Adaptado de: https://www.marketwatch.com/story/artificial-intelligence-is-too-powerful-to-be-left-to-facebook-amazon-and-other-tech-giants-2018-04-23 Acesso em: jun. 2018. A palavra ou expresso sublinhada na primeira coluna, pode ser substituda pelapalavra ou expresso na segunda coluna em todas as opes, mantendo o mesmo sentido, EXCETO em:

(ITA - 2019 - 1 FASE) Artificial intelligence (AI) is going to play an enormous role in our lives and in the global economy. It is the key to self-driving cars, the AmazonAlexa in your home, autonomous trading desks on Wall Street, innovation in medicine, and cyberwar defenses. Technology is rarely good nor evil its all in how humans use it. AI could do anenormous amount of goodand solve some of the worlds hardest problems, but that same power could beturned against us. AI could be set up to inflict bias based on race or beliefs, invade our privacy, learn about and exploit our personal weaknesses and do a lot of nefarious things we cant yet foresee. Which means that our policymakers must understand and help guide AI so it benefits society. [...] We dont wantoverreaching regulationthat goes beyond keeping us safe and ends up stifling innovation. Regulators helped make it so difficult to develop atomic energy, today the U.S. gets only 20% of its electricity from nuclear power. So while we need a Federal Artificial Intelligence Agency, or FAIA, I would prefer to see it created as a public-private partnership. Washington should bring in AI experts from the tech industry to a federal agency designed to understand and direct AI and to inform lawmakers. Perhaps the AI experts would rotate through Washington on a kind of public service tour of duty. Importantly, were at the beginning of a new era in government one where governance is software-defined. The nature of AI and algorithms means we need to develop a new kind of agency one that includes both humans and software. The software will help monitor algorithms. Existing, old-school regulations that rely on manual enforcement are too cumbersome to keep up with technology and too dumb to monitor algorithms in a timely way. Software-defined regulation can monitor software-driven industries better than regulations enforced by squads of regulators. Algorithms can continuously watch emerging utilities such as Facebook, looking for details and patterns that humans might never catch, but nonetheless signal abuses. If Congress wants to make sure Facebook doesnt exploit political biases, it could direct the FAIA to write an algorithm to look for the behavior. Its just as important to have algorithms that keep an eye on the role of humans inside these companies. We want technology that can tell ifAirbnb hosts are illegally turning down minoritiesor if Facebooks human editors aresquashing conservative news headlines. The watchdog algorithms can be like open-source software open to examination by anyone, while the companies keep private proprietary algorithms and data. If the algorithms are public, anyone can run various datasets against them and analyze for off the rails behaviors and unexpected results. Clearly, AI needs some governance. As Facebook is proving, we cant rely on companies to monitor and regulate themselves. Public companies, especially, are incentivized to make the biggest profits possible, and their algorithms will optimize for financial goals, not societal goals. But as a tech investor, I dont want to see an ill-informed Congress set up regulatory schemes for social networks, search and other key services that then make our dynamic tech companies as dull and bureaucratic as electric companies. [...] Technology companies and policymakers need to come together soon and share ideas about AI governance and the establishment of a software-driven AI agency.[...] Lets do this before bad regulations get enacted and before AI gets away from us and does more damage. We have a chance right now to tee up AI so it does tremendous good. To unleash it in a positive direction, we need to get the checks and balances in place right now. Adaptado de: https://www.marketwatch.com/story/artificial-intelligence-is-too-powerful-to-be-left-to-facebook-amazon-and-other-tech-giants-2018-04-23 Acesso em: jun. 2018. Observe o uso da palavra sonas frases abaixo: I- (...) and helps guide Al so it benefits society(...) (linha 8) II- Regulators helped make it so difficult to develop(...) (linha 9 e 10) III- So, while we need a Federal Artificial Intelligence Agency, or FAIA(...) (linha 10 e 11) Assinale a alternativa que explica, respectivamente, o uso de so.

(ITA - 2018 - 1 FASE) WE RECORDED VCs CONVERSATIONS AND ANALYZED HOW DIFFERENTLY THEY TALK ABOUT FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS When venture capitalists (VCs) evaluate investment proposals, the language they use to describe the entrepreneurs who write them plays an important but often hidden role in shaping who is awarded funding and why. [] We were given access to government venture capital decision making meetings in Sweden and were able to observe the types of language that VCs used over a two-year period. One major thing stuck out: The language used to describe male and female entrepreneurs was radically different. And these differences have very real consequences for those seeking funding and for society in general. [] Worldwide, government venture capital is important for bridging significant financial gaps and supporting innovation and growth, as VCs can take risks where banks are not allowed to. When uncertainty is high regarding assessment of product and market potential, for example, the assessment of the entrepreneurs potential becomes highly central in government VCs decision making. In Sweden, about one-third of businesses are owned and run by women, 1although they are not granted a corresponding proportion of government funding. In fact, women-owned businesses receive much less only 13%18%, the rest going to male-owned companies. This brings us back to our research. From 2009 to 2010 we were invited to silently observe governmental VC decision-making meetings and, more important, the conversations they had about entrepreneurs applying for funding. [] We observed closed-room, face-to-face discussions leading final funding decisions for 125 venture applications. Of these, 99 (79%) were from male entrepreneurs and 26 (21%) were from female entrepreneurs. The group of government venture capitalists observed included seven individuals: two women and five men. [] 2Aside from a few exceptions, the financiers rhetorically produce stereotypical images of women as having qualities opposite to those considered important to being an entrepreneur, with VCs questioning their credibility, trustworthiness, experience, and knowledge. 3Conversely, when assessing male entrepreneurs, financiers leaned on stereotypical beliefs about men that reinforced their entrepreneurial potential. Male entrepreneurs were commonly described as being assertive, innovative, competent, experienced, knowledgeable, and having established networks. We developed male and female entrepreneur personas based on our findings []. These personas highlight a few key differences in how the entrepreneurs were perceived depending on their gender. Men were characterized as having entrepreneurial potential, while the entrepreneurial potential for women was diminished. Many of the young men and women were described as being young, though youth for men was viewed as promising, while young women were considered inexperienced. Men were praised for being viewed as aggressive or arrogant, while womens experience and excitement were tempered by discussions of their emotional shortcomings. Similarly, cautiousness was viewed very differently depending on the gender of the entrepreneur. Unsurprisingly, these stereotypes seem to have played a role in who got funding and who didnt. Women entrepreneurs were only awarded, on average, 25% of the applied-for amount, 4whereas men received, on average, 52% of what they asked for. Women were also denied financing to a greater extent than men, with close to 53% of women having their applications dismissed, compared with 38% of men. [] Such stereotyping will inevitably influence the distribution of financing, but could also have other major consequences. 5Because the purpose of government venture capital is to use tax money to stimulate growth and value creation for society as a whole, gender bias presents the risk that the money isnt being invested in businesses that have the highest potential. This isnt only damaging for women entrepreneurs; its potentially damaging for society as a whole. Fonte: Adaptado de Harvard Business Review https://hbr.org/2017/05/we-recorded-vcs-conversations-and-analyzedhow-differently-they-talk-about-female-entrepreneurs. Acesso em: 17 mai. 2017. A expresso sublinhada na primeira coluna pode ser substituda pela expresso que segue em todas as opes, EXCETO em

(ITA - 2018 - 1 FASE) AUGMENTATION OF BRAIN FUNCTION: FACTS, FICTION AND CONTROVERSY Augmentation of brain function is no longer just a theme of science fiction. _____(I)_____ advances in neural sciences, 1it has become a matter of reality that a person may consider at some point in life, for example as a treatment of a neurodegenerative disease. Currently, several approaches offer enhancements for sensory, motor and cognitive brain functions, _____(II)_____ for mood and emotions. Such enhancements may be achieved pharmacologically, using brain implants for recordings, stimulation and drug delivery, _____(III)_____ employing brain-machine interfaces, or even by ablation of certain brain areas. In this Research Topic, we welcome papers critically evaluating the existing methods of brain augmentation, introducing new approaches and probing particular parts of brain circuitry and particular neuronal mechanisms as candidates for an enhancement. We welcome scientists from different fields: from neuroscience of microcircuits to systems neuroscience of large-scale networks and neural engineering. The work can be experimental or computational. Reviews and papers on philosophical and ethical issues are _____(IV)_____ welcome. While the scope of possible relevant topics is broad, the authors are encouraged to clearly indicate how their studies address the announced theme of brain augmentation. Important Note: All contributions to this Research Topic must be within the scope of the section and journal to which they are submitted, as defined in their mission statements. Frontiers reserves the right to guide an out-of-scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at any stage of peer review. Fonte: http://journal.frontiersin.org/researchtopic/1563/augmentation-of-brain-function-facts-fiction-and-controversy. Acesso em: 15 jul. 2017. O texto um(a):

(ITA - 2018 - 1 FASE) AUGMENTATION OF BRAIN FUNCTION: FACTS, FICTION AND CONTROVERSY Augmentation of brain function is no longer just a theme of science fiction. _____(I)_____ advances in neural sciences, 1it has become a matter of reality that a person may consider at some point in life, for example as a treatment of a neurodegenerative disease. Currently, several approaches offer enhancements for sensory, motor and cognitive brain functions, _____(II)_____ for mood and emotions. Such enhancements may be achieved pharmacologically, using brain implants for recordings, stimulation and drug delivery, _____(III)_____ employing brain-machine interfaces, or even by ablation of certain brain areas. In this Research Topic, we welcome papers critically evaluating the existing methods of brain augmentation, introducing new approaches and probing particular parts of brain circuitry and particular neuronal mechanisms as candidates for an enhancement. We welcome scientists from different fields: from neuroscience of microcircuits to systems neuroscience of large-scale networks and neural engineering. The work can be experimental or computational. Reviews and papers on philosophical and ethical issues are _____(IV)_____ welcome. While the scope of possible relevant topics is broad, the authors are encouraged to clearly indicate how their studies address the announced theme of brain augmentation. Important Note: All contributions to this Research Topic must be within the scope of the section and journal to which they are submitted, as defined in their mission statements. Frontiers reserves the right to guide an out-of-scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at any stage of peer review. Fonte: http://journal.frontiersin.org/researchtopic/1563/augmentation-of-brain-function-facts-fiction-and-controversy. Acesso em: 15 jul. 2017. Considere as seguintes afirmaes: I. A melhoria ou o aumento das funes cerebrais pode ser obtida via: estimulao farmacolgica, interface crebro-mquina, implantes cerebrais ou mesmo remoo de determinadas reas do crebro. II. Atualmente, abordagens para melhoria das funes cerebrais envolvem exclusivamente funes sensoriais, cognitivas e motoras. III. O aumento das funes cerebrais pode vir a ser usado no tratamento de doenas neurodegenerativas. Com base no texto, esto corretas

(ITA - 2018 - 1 FASE) AUGMENTATION OF BRAIN FUNCTION: FACTS, FICTION AND CONTROVERSY Augmentation of brain function is no longer just a theme of science fiction. _____(I)_____ advances in neural sciences, 1it has become a matter of reality that a person may consider at some point in life, for example as a treatment of a neurodegenerative disease. Currently, several approaches offer enhancements for sensory, motor and cognitive brain functions, _____(II)_____ for mood and emotions. Such enhancements may be achieved pharmacologically, using brain implants for recordings, stimulation and drug delivery, _____(III)_____ employing brain-machine interfaces, or even by ablation of certain brain areas. In this Research Topic, we welcome papers critically evaluating the existing methods of brain augmentation, introducing new approaches and probing particular parts of brain circuitry and particular neuronal mechanisms as candidates for an enhancement. We welcome scientists from different fields: from neuroscience of microcircuits to systems neuroscience of large-scale networks and neural engineering. The work can be experimental or computational. Reviews and papers on philosophical and ethical issues are _____(IV)_____ welcome. While the scope of possible relevant topics is broad, the authors are encouraged to clearly indicate how their studies address the announced theme of brain augmentation. Important Note: All contributions to this Research Topic must be within the scope of the section and journal to which they are submitted, as defined in their mission statements. Frontiers reserves the right to guide an out-of-scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at any stage of peer review. Fonte: http://journal.frontiersin.org/researchtopic/1563/augmentation-of-brain-function-facts-fiction-and-controversy. Acesso em: 15 jul. 2017. Com base no texto, INCORRETO afirmar que estudos sobre a melhoria das funes cerebrais

(ITA - 2018 - 1 FASE) AUGMENTATION OF BRAIN FUNCTION: FACTS, FICTION AND CONTROVERSY Augmentation of brain function is no longer just a theme of science fiction. _____(I)_____ advances in neural sciences, 1it has become a matter of reality that a person may consider at some point in life, for example as a treatment of a neurodegenerative disease. Currently, several approaches offer enhancements for sensory, motor and cognitive brain functions, _____(II)_____ for mood and emotions. Such enhancements may be achieved pharmacologically, using brain implants for recordings, stimulation and drug delivery, _____(III)_____ employing brain-machine interfaces, or even by ablation of certain brain areas. In this Research Topic, we welcome papers critically evaluating the existing methods of brain augmentation, introducing new approaches and probing particular parts of brain circuitry and particular neuronal mechanisms as candidates for an enhancement. We welcome scientists from different fields: from neuroscience of microcircuits to systems neuroscience of large-scale networks and neural engineering. The work can be experimental or computational. Reviews and papers on philosophical and ethical issues are _____(IV)_____ welcome. While the scope of possible relevant topics is broad, the authors are encouraged to clearly indicate how their studies address the announced theme of brain augmentation. Important Note: All contributions to this Research Topic must be within the scope of the section and journal to which they are submitted, as defined in their mission statements. Frontiers reserves the right to guide an out-of-scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at any stage of peer review. Fonte: http://journal.frontiersin.org/researchtopic/1563/augmentation-of-brain-function-facts-fiction-and-controversy. Acesso em: 15 jul. 2017. Marque a opo que indica a que it se refere no seguinte excerto: ... it has become a matter of reality (ref. 1).

(ITA - 2018 - 1 FASE) GOODBYE THINGS, HELLO MINIMALISM: 1CAN LIVING WITH LESS MAKE YOU HAPPIER? Fumio Sasaki owns a roll-up mattress, three shirts and four pairs of socks. After deciding to scorn possessions, he began feeling happier. He explains why. Let me tell you a bit about myself. Im 35 years old, male, single, never been married. I work as an editor at a publishing company. I recently moved from the Nakameguro neighbourhood in Tokyo, where I lived for a decade, to a neighbourhood called Fudomae in a different part of town. 2The rent is cheaper, but the move pretty much wiped out my savings. Some of you may think that Im a loser: an unmarried adult with not much money. The old me would have been way too embarrassed to admit all this. I was filled with useless pride. But I honestly dont care about things like that any more. The reason is very simple: Im perfectly happy just as I am. The reason? I got rid of most of my material possessions. Minimalism is a lifestyle in which 3you reduce your possessions to the least possible. Living with only the bare essentials has not only provided superficial benefits such as the pleasure of a tidy room or the simple ease of cleaning, 4it has also led to a more fundamental shift. Its given me a chance to think about what it really means to be happy. We think that 5the more we have, the happier we will be. 6We never know what tomorrow might bring, so we collect and save as much as we can. This means we need a lot of money, so we gradually start judging people by how much money they have. You convince yourself that you need to make a lot of money so you dont miss out on success. And for you to make money, you need everyone else to spend their money. And so it goes. So I said goodbye to a lot of things, many of which Id had for years. And yet now I live each day with a happier spirit. 7I feel more content now than I ever did in the past. I wasnt always a minimalist. I used to buy a lot of things, believing that all those possessions would increase my self-worth and lead to a happier life. I loved collecting a lot of useless stuff, and I couldnt throw anything away. I was a natural hoarder of knick-knacks that I thought made me an interesting person. At the same time, though, I was always comparing myself with other people who had more or better things, 8which often made me miserable. I couldnt focus on anything, and I was always wasting time. Alcohol was my escape, and I didnt treat women fairly. I didnt try to change; I thought this was all just part of who I was, and I deserved to be unhappy. My apartment wasnt horribly messy; if my girlfriend was coming over for the weekend, I could do enough tidying up to make it look presentable. On a usual day, however, there were books stacked everywhere because there wasnt enough room on my bookshelves. Most I had thumbed through once or twice, thinking that 9I would read them when I had the time. The closet was crammed with what used to be my favorite clothes, most of which Id only worn a few times. The room was filled with all the things Id taken up as hobbies and then gotten tired of. A guitar and amplifier, covered with dust. Conversational English workbooks Id planned to study once I had more free time. Even a fabulous antique camera, 10which of course I had never once put a roll of film in. 11It may sound as if Im exaggerating when I say I started to become a new person. Someone said to me: All you did is throw things away, which is true. 12But by having fewer things around, Ive started feeling happier each day. Im slowly beginning to understand what happiness is. If you are anything like I used to be miserable, constantly comparing yourself with others, or just believing your life sucks 13I think you should try saying goodbye to some of your things. [] Everyone wants to be happy. But trying to buy happiness only makes us happy for a little while. Fonte: adaptado de https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/apr/12/goodbye-things-hello-minimalism-can-living-with-lessmake-you-happier. Acesso em: 21 mai. 2017. Antes da mudana, Fumio acumulava bens materiais porque

(ITA - 2018 - 1 FASE) GOODBYE THINGS, HELLO MINIMALISM: 1CAN LIVING WITH LESS MAKE YOU HAPPIER? Fumio Sasaki owns a roll-up mattress, three shirts and four pairs of socks. After deciding to scorn possessions, he began feeling happier. He explains why. Let me tell you a bit about myself. Im 35 years old, male, single, never been married. I work as an editor at a publishing company. I recently moved from the Nakameguro neighbourhood in Tokyo, where I lived for a decade, to a neighbourhood called Fudomae in a different part of town. 2The rent is cheaper, but the move pretty much wiped out my savings. Some of you may think that Im a loser: an unmarried adult with not much money. The old me would have been way too embarrassed to admit all this. I was filled with useless pride. But I honestly dont care about things like that any more. The reason is very simple: Im perfectly happy just as I am. The reason? I got rid of most of my material possessions. Minimalism is a lifestyle in which 3you reduce your possessions to the least possible. Living with only the bare essentials has not only provided superficial benefits such as the pleasure of a tidy room or the simple ease of cleaning, 4it has also led to a more fundamental shift. Its given me a chance to think about what it really means to be happy. We think that 5the more we have, the happier we will be. 6We never know what tomorrow might bring, so we collect and save as much as we can. This means we need a lot of money, so we gradually start judging people by how much money they have. You convince yourself that you need to make a lot of money so you dont miss out on success. And for you to make money, you need everyone else to spend their money. And so it goes. So I said goodbye to a lot of things, many of which Id had for years. And yet now I live each day with a happier spirit. 7I feel more content now than I ever did in the past. I wasnt always a minimalist. I used to buy a lot of things, believing that all those possessions would increase my self-worth and lead to a happier life. I loved collecting a lot of useless stuff, and I couldnt throw anything away. I was a natural hoarder of knick-knacks that I thought made me an interesting person. At the same time, though, I was always comparing myself with other people who had more or better things, 8which often made me miserable. I couldnt focus on anything, and I was always wasting time. Alcohol was my escape, and I didnt treat women fairly. I didnt try to change; I thought this was all just part of who I was, and I deserved to be unhappy. My apartment wasnt horribly messy; if my girlfriend was coming over for the weekend, I could do enough tidying up to make it look presentable. On a usual day, however, there were books stacked everywhere because there wasnt enough room on my bookshelves. Most I had thumbed through once or twice, thinking that 9I would read them when I had the time. The closet was crammed with what used to be my favorite clothes, most of which Id only worn a few times. The room was filled with all the things Id taken up as hobbies and then gotten tired of. A guitar and amplifier, covered with dust. Conversational English workbooks Id planned to study once I had more free time. Even a fabulous antique camera, 10which of course I had never once put a roll of film in. 11It may sound as if Im exaggerating when I say I started to become a new person. Someone said to me: All you did is throw things away, which is true. 12But by having fewer things around, Ive started feeling happier each day. Im slowly beginning to understand what happiness is. If you are anything like I used to be miserable, constantly comparing yourself with others, or just believing your life sucks 13I think you should try saying goodbye to some of your things. [] Everyone wants to be happy. But trying to buy happiness only makes us happy for a little while. Fonte: adaptado de https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/apr/12/goodbye-things-hello-minimalism-can-living-with-lessmake-you-happier. Acesso em: 21 mai. 2017. Marque a opo correta de acordo com o sentido com que os verbos modais sublinhados so empregados no texto. I. Can living with less make you happier? (ref. 1) -para indicar uma possibilidade. II. We never know what tomorrow might bring, (ref. 6) -para indicar um estado contrrio realidade. III. It may sound as if Im exaggerating (ref. 11) -para indicar uma probabilidade. IV. I think you should try saying goodbye to some of your things. (ref. 13) -para dar um conselho. Esto corretas

(ITA - 2018 - 1 FASE) (4 questo sobre o texto) WE RECORDED VCs CONVERSATIONS AND ANALYZED HOW DIFFERENTLY THEY TALK ABOUT FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS When venture capitalists (VCs) evaluate investment proposals, the language they use to describe the entrepreneurs who write them plays an important but often hidden role in shaping who is awarded funding and why. [] We were given access to government venture capital decision making meetings in Sweden and were able to observe the types of language that VCs used over a two-year period. One major thing stuck out: The language used to describe male and female entrepreneurs was radically different. And these differences have very real consequences for those seeking funding and for society in general. [] Worldwide, government venture capital is important for bridging significant financial gaps and supporting innovation and growth, as VCs can take risks where banks are not allowed to. When uncertainty is high regarding assessment of product and market potential, for example, the assessment of the entrepreneurs potential becomes highly central in government VCs decision making. In Sweden, about one-third of businesses are owned and run by women, 1although they are not granted a corresponding proportion of government funding. In fact, women-owned businesses receive much less only 13%18%, the rest going to male-owned companies. This brings us back to our research. From 2009 to 2010 we were invited to silently observe governmental VC decision-making meetings and, more important, the conversations they had about entrepreneurs applying for funding. [] We observed closed-room, face-to-face discussions leading final funding decisions for 125 venture applications. Of these, 99 (79%) were from male entrepreneurs and 26 (21%) were from female entrepreneurs. The group of government venture capitalists observed included seven individuals: two women and five men. [] 2Aside from a few exceptions, the financiers rhetorically produce stereotypical images of women as having qualities opposite to those considered important to being an entrepreneur, with VCs questioning their credibility, trustworthiness, experience, and knowledge. 3Conversely, when assessing male entrepreneurs, financiers leaned on stereotypical beliefs about men that reinforced their entrepreneurial potential. Male entrepreneurs were commonly described as being assertive, innovative, competent, experienced, knowledgeable, and having established networks. We developed male and female entrepreneur personas based on our findings []. These personas highlight a few key differences in how the entrepreneurs were perceived depending on their gender. Men were characterized as having entrepreneurial potential, while the entrepreneurial potential for women was diminished. Many of the young men and women were described as being young, though youth for men was viewed as promising, while young women were considered inexperienced. Men were praised for being viewed as aggressive or arrogant, while womens experience and excitement were tempered by discussions of their emotional shortcomings. Similarly, cautiousness was viewed very differently depending on the gender of the entrepreneur. Unsurprisingly, these stereotypes seem to have played a role in who got funding and who didnt. Women entrepreneurs were only awarded, on average, 25% of the applied-for amount, 4whereas men received, on average, 52% of what they asked for. Women were also denied financing to a greater extent than men, with close to 53% of women having their applications dismissed, compared with 38% of men. [] Such stereotyping will inevitably influence the distribution of financing, but could also have other major consequences. 5Because the purpose of government venture capital is to use tax money to stimulate growth and value creation for society as a whole, gender bias presents the risk that the money isnt being invested in businesses that have the highest potential. This isnt only damaging for women entrepreneurs; its potentially damaging for society as a whole. Fonte: Adaptado de Harvard Business Review https://hbr.org/2017/05/we-recorded-vcs-conversations-and-analyzedhow-differently-they-talk-about-female-entrepreneurs. Acesso em: 17 mai. 2017. Marque a opo que lista qualidades expostas no texto que foram colocadas em dvida em relao s empreendedoras.

(ITA - 2018 - 1 FASE) (3 questo sobre o texto) A ironia da me de Helga, ao afirmar: I can see that!, reside no fato de que

(ITA - 2018 - 1 FASE) WE RECORDED VCs CONVERSATIONS AND ANALYZED HOW DIFFERENTLY THEY TALK ABOUT FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS When venture capitalists (VCs) evaluate investment proposals, the language they use to describe the entrepreneurs who write them plays an important but often 7hidden role in shaping who is awarded funding and why. [] We were given access to government venture capital decision making meetings in Sweden and were able to observe the types of language that VCs used over a two-year period. One major thing stuck out: The language used to describe male and female entrepreneurs was radically different. And these differences have very real consequences for those seeking funding and for society in general. [] Worldwide, government venture capital 8is important for bridging significant financial gaps and supporting innovation and growth, as VCs can take risks where banks are not allowed to. When uncertainty is high regarding assessment of product and market potential, for example, the assessment of the entrepreneurs potential becomes highly central in government VCs decision making. In Sweden, about one-third of businesses are owned and run by women, 1although they are not granted a corresponding proportion of government funding. In fact, women-owned businesses receive much less only 13%18%, the rest going to male-owned companies. This brings us back to our research. From 2009 to 2010 we were invited to 9silently observe governmental VC decision-making meetings and, more important, the conversations they had about entrepreneurs applying for funding. [] We observed closed-room, face-to-face discussions leading final funding decisions for 125 venture applications. Of these, 99 (79%) were from male entrepreneurs and 26 (21%) were from female entrepreneurs. The group of government venture capitalists observed included seven individuals: two women and five men. [] 2Aside from a few exceptions, the financiers rhetorically produce stereotypical images of women as having qualities opposite to those considered important to being an entrepreneur, with VCs questioning their credibility, trustworthiness, experience, and knowledge. 3Conversely, when assessing male entrepreneurs, financiers leaned on stereotypical beliefs about men that reinforced their entrepreneurial potential. Male entrepreneurs were commonly described as being assertive, innovative, competent, experienced, knowledgeable, and having established networks. We developed male and female entrepreneur personas based on our findings []. These personas highlight a few key differences in how the entrepreneurs were perceived depending on their gender. Men were characterized as having entrepreneurial potential, while the entrepreneurial potential for women was diminished. Many of the young men and women were described as being young, though youth for men was viewed as promising, while young women were considered inexperienced. Men were praised for being viewed as aggressive or arrogant, while womens experience and excitement were tempered by discussions of their emotional shortcomings. Similarly, cautiousness was viewed very differently depending on the gender of the entrepreneur. Unsurprisingly, these stereotypes seem to have played a role in 10who got funding and who didnt. Women entrepreneurs were only awarded, on average, 25% of the applied-for amount, 4whereas men received, on average, 52% of what they asked for. Women were also denied financing to a greater extent than men, with close to 53% of women having their applications dismissed, compared with 38% of men. [] Such stereotyping will inevitably influence the distribution of financing, but could also have other major consequences. 5Because the purpose of government venture capital is to use tax money to stimulate growth and value creation for society as a whole, gender bias presents the risk that 11the money isnt being invested in businesses that have the highest potential. This isnt only damaging for women entrepreneurs; its potentially damaging for society as a whole. Fonte: Adaptado de Harvard Business Review https://hbr.org/2017/05/we-recorded-vcs-conversations-and-analyzedhow-differently-they-talk-about-female-entrepreneurs. Acesso em: 17 mai. 2017. Na sentena Men were characterized as having entrepreneurial potential, while the entrepreneurial potential for women was diminished, indique a expresso que pode substituir while mantendo o significado e a correo gramatical.