Questões - UNESP 2018 | Gabarito e resoluções

(UNESP - 2018 - 1 FASE) Leia o texto para responder a questo. When does the brain work best? The peak times and ages for learning Whats your ideal time of the day for brain performance? Surprisingly, the answer to this isnt as simple as being a morning or a night person. New research has shown that certain times of the day are best for completing specific tasks, and listening to your bodys natural clock may help you to accomplish more in 24 hours. Science suggests that the best time for our natural peak productivity is late morning. Our body temperatures start to rise just before we wake up in the morning and continue to increase through midday, Steve Kay, a professor of molecular and computational biology at the University of Southern California toldThe Wall Street Journal. This gradual increase in body temperature means that our working memory, alertness, and concentration also gradually improve, peaking at about mid morning. Our alertness tends to dip after this point, but one study suggested that midday fatigue may actually boost our creative abilities. For a 2011 study, 428 students were asked to solve a series of two types of problems, requiring either analytical or novel thinking. Results showed that their performance on the second type was best at non-peak times of day when they were tired. As for the age where our brains are at peak condition, science has long held that fluid intelligence, or the ability to think quickly and recall information, peaks at around age 20. However, a 2015 study revealed that peak brain age is far more complicated than previously believed and concluded that there are about 30 subsets of intelligence, all of which peak at different ages for different people. For example, the study found that raw speed in processing information appears to peak around age 18 or 19, then immediately starts to decline, but short-term memory continues to improve until around age 25, and then begins to drop around age 35,Medical Xpressreported. The ability to evaluate other peoples emotional states peaked much later, in the 40s or 50s. In addition, the study suggested that out our vocabulary may peak as late as our 60ss or 70s. Still, while working according to your bodys natural clock may sound helpful, its important to remember that these times may differ from person to person. On average, people can be divided into two distinct groups: morning people tend to wake up and go to sleep earlier and to be most productive early in the day. Evening people tend to wake up later, start more slowly and peak in the evening. If being a morning or evening person has been working for you the majority of your life, it may be best to not fix whats not broken. (Dana Dovey. www.medicaldaily.com, 08.08.2016. Adaptado.) No trecho do terceiro pargrafo However, a 2015 study revealed, o termo em destaque pode ser substitudo, sem alterao de sentido, por

(UNESP - 2018/2 - 1 FASE) Leia o texto para responder a questo. When it comes to politics and fake news, facts arent enough The myth that vaccines cause autism has persisted, even though the facts paint an entirely different story. In todays political climate, it sometimes feels like wecant even agree on basic facts. We bombard each other with statistics and figures, hoping that more data will make a difference. A progressive person might show you the sameclimate change graphs over and over while a conservative person might point to the trillions of dollars of growing national debt. Were left wondering, Why cant they just see? Its so obvious! Certain myths are so pervasive that no matter how many experts disprove them, they only seem to grow in popularity. Theres no shortage of serious studies showing no link between autism and vaccines, for example, but these are no match for an emotional appeal to parents worried for theiryoung children. Tali Sharot, a cognitive neuroscientist at University College London, studies how our minds work and how we process new information. In her upcoming book,The Influential Mind,she explores why we ignore facts and how we can get people to actually listen to the truth. Tali shows that were open to new information but only if it confirms our existing beliefs. We find ways to ignore facts that challenge our ideals. And as neuroscientist Bahador Bahrami and colleagues have found, we weigh all opinions as equally valid, regardless of expertise. So, having the data on your side is not always enough. For better or for worse, Sharot says, emotions may be the key to changing minds. (Shankar Vedantam. www.npr.org. Adaptado.) According to the second paragraph, the link between vaccines and autism

(UNESP - 2018/2 - 1 FASE) Leia o texto para responder a questo. When it comes to politics and fake news, facts arent enough The myth that vaccines cause autism has persisted, even though the facts paint an entirely different story. In todays political climate, it sometimes feels like wecant even agree on basic facts. We bombard each other with statistics and figures, hoping that more data will make a difference. A progressive person might show you the sameclimate change graphs over and over while a conservative person might point to the trillions of dollars of growing national debt. Were left wondering, Why cant they just see? Its so obvious! Certain myths are so pervasive that no matter how many experts disprove them, they only seem to grow in popularity. Theres no shortage of serious studies showing no link between autism and vaccines, for example, but these are no match for an emotional appeal to parents worried for theiryoung children. Tali Sharot, a cognitive neuroscientist at University College London, studies how our minds work and how we process new information. In her upcoming book,The Influential Mind,she explores why we ignore facts and how we can get people to actually listen to the truth. Tali shows that were open to new information but only if it confirms our existing beliefs. We find ways to ignore facts that challenge our ideals. And as neuroscientist Bahador Bahrami and colleagues have found, we weigh all opinions as equally valid, regardless of expertise. So, having the data on your side is not always enough. For better or for worse, Sharot says, emotions may be the key to changing minds. (Shankar Vedantam. www.npr.org. Adaptado.) No trecho do segundo pargrafo buttheseare no match for an emotional appeal to parents worried for their young children, o termo sublinhado refere-se a

(UNESP - 2018 - 1 FASE) Leia o texto para responder a questo. When does the brain work best? The peak times and ages for learning Whats your ideal time of the day for brain performance? Surprisingly, the answer to this isnt as simple as being a morning or a night person. New research has shown that certain times of the day are best for completing specific tasks, and listening to your bodys natural clock may help you to accomplish more in 24 hours. Science suggests that the best time for our natural peak productivity is late morning. Our body temperatures start to rise just before we wake up in the morning and continue to increase through midday, Steve Kay, a professor of molecular and computational biology at the University of Southern California told The Wall Street Journal. This gradual increase in body temperature means that our working memory, alertness, and concentration also gradually improve, peaking at about mid morning. Our alertness tends to dip after this point, but one study suggested that midday fatigue may actually boost our creative abilities. For a 2011 study, 428 students were asked to solve a series of two types of problems, requiring either analytical or novel thinking. Results showed that their performance on the second type was best at non-peak times of day when they were tired. As for the age where our brains are at peak condition, science has long held that fluid intelligence, or the ability to think quickly and recall information, peaks at around age 20. However, a 2015 study revealed that peak brain age is far more complicated than previously believed and concluded that there are about 30 subsets of intelligence, all of which peak at different ages for different people. For example, the study found that raw speed in processing information appears to peak around age 18 or 19, then immediately starts to decline, but short-term memory continues to improve until around age 25, and then begins to drop around age 35, Medical Xpress reported. The ability to evaluate other peoples emotional states peaked much later, in the 40s or 50s. In addition, the study suggested that out our vocabulary may peak as late as our 60ss or 70s. Still, while working according to your bodys natural clock may sound helpful, its important to remember that these times may differ from person to person. On average, people can be divided into two distinct groups: morning people tend to wake up and go to sleep earlier and to be most productive early in the day. Evening people tend to wake up later, start more slowly and peak in the evening. If being a morning or evening person has been working for you the majority of your life, it may be best to not fix whats not broken. (Dana Dovey. www.medicaldaily.com, 08.08.2016. Adaptado.) As informaes apresentadas no quarto pargrafo

(UNESP - 2018 - 1 FASE) Leia o texto para responder a questo. When does the brain work best? The peak times and ages for learning Whats your ideal time of the day for brain performance? Surprisingly, the answer to this isnt as simple as being a morning or a night person. New research has shown that certain times of the day are best for completing specific tasks, and listening to your bodys natural clock may help you to accomplish more in 24 hours. Science suggests that the best time for our natural peak productivity is late morning. Our body temperatures start to rise just before we wake up in the morning and continue to increase through midday, Steve Kay, a professor of molecular and computational biology at the University of Southern California toldThe Wall Street Journal. This gradual increase in body temperature means that our working memory, alertness, and concentration also gradually improve, peaking at about mid morning. Our alertness tends to dip after this point, but one study suggested that midday fatigue may actually boost our creative abilities. For a 2011 study, 428 students were asked to solve a series of two types of problems, requiring either analytical or novel thinking. Results showed that their performance on the second type was best at non-peak times of day when they were tired. As for the age where our brains are at peak condition, science has long held that fluid intelligence, or the ability to think quickly and recall information, peaks at around age 20. However, a 2015 study revealed that peak brain age is far more complicated than previously believed and concluded that there are about 30 subsets of intelligence, all of which peak at different ages for different people. For example, the study found that raw speed in processing information appears to peak around age 18 or 19, then immediately starts to decline, but short-term memory continues to improve until around age 25, and then begins to drop around age 35,Medical Xpressreported. The ability to evaluate other peoples emotional states peaked much later, in the 40s or 50s. In addition, the study suggested that out our vocabulary may peak as late as our 60ss or 70s. Still, while working according to your bodys natural clock may sound helpful, its important to remember that these times may differ from person to person. On average, people can be divided into two distinct groups: morning people tend to wake up and go to sleep earlier and to be most productive early in the day. Evening people tend to wake up later, start more slowly and peak in the evening. If being a morning or evening person has been working for you the majority of your life, it may be best to not fix whats not broken. (Dana Dovey. www.medicaldaily.com, 08.08.2016. Adaptado.) No trecho do quarto pargrafo while working according to your bodys natural clock, o termo em destaque tem sentido, em portugus, de

(UNESP - 2018/2 - 1 FASE) Leia o texto para responder a questo. When it comes to politics and fake news, facts arent enough The myth that vaccines cause autism has persisted, even though the facts paint an entirely different story. In todays political climate, it sometimes feels like wecant even agree on basic facts. We bombard each other with statistics and figures, hoping that more data will make a difference. A progressive person might show you the sameclimate change graphs over and over while a conservative person might point to the trillions of dollars of growing national debt. Were left wondering, Why cant they just see? Its so obvious! Certain myths are so pervasive that no matter how many experts disprove them, they only seem to grow in popularity. Theres no shortage of serious studies showing no link between autism and vaccines, for example, but these are no match for an emotional appeal to parents worried for theiryoung children. Tali Sharot, a cognitive neuroscientist at University College London, studies how our minds work and how we process new information. In her upcoming book,The Influential Mind,she explores why we ignore facts and how we can get people to actually listen to the truth. Tali shows that were open to new information but only if it confirms our existing beliefs. We find ways to ignore facts that challenge our ideals. And as neuroscientist Bahador Bahrami and colleagues have found, we weigh all opinions as equally valid, regardless of expertise. So, having the data on your side is not always enough. For better or for worse, Sharot says, emotions may be the key to changing minds. (Shankar Vedantam. www.npr.org. Adaptado.) O trecho do terceiro pargrafo we weigh all options as equally valid, regardless of expertise quer dizer que as pessoas

(UNESP - 2018 - 1 FASE) Leia o texto para responder a questo. When does the brain work best? The peak times and ages for learning Whats your ideal time of the day for brain performance? Surprisingly, the answer to this isnt as simple as being a morning or a night person. New research has shown that certain times of the day are best for completing specific tasks, and listening to your bodys natural clock may help you to accomplish more in 24 hours. Science suggests that the best time for our natural peak productivity is late morning. Our body temperatures start to rise just before we wake up in the morning and continue to increase through midday, Steve Kay, a professor of molecular and computational biology at the University of Southern California toldThe Wall Street Journal. This gradual increase in body temperature means that our working memory, alertness, and concentration also gradually improve, peaking at about mid morning. Our alertness tends to dip after this point, but one study suggested that midday fatigue may actually boost our creative abilities. For a 2011 study, 428 students were asked to solve a series of two types of problems, requiring either analytical or novel thinking. Results showed that their performance on the second type was best at non-peak times of day when they were tired. As for the age where our brains are at peak condition, science has long held that fluid intelligence, or the ability to think quickly and recall information, peaks at around age 20. However, a 2015 study revealed that peak brain age is far more complicated than previously believed and concluded that there are about 30 subsets of intelligence, all of which peak at different ages for different people. For example, the study found that raw speed in processing information appears to peak around age 18 or 19, then immediately starts to decline, but short-term memory continues to improve until around age 25, and then begins to drop around age 35,Medical Xpressreported. The ability to evaluate other peoples emotional states peaked much later, in the 40s or 50s. In addition, the study suggested that out our vocabulary may peak as late as our 60ss or 70s. Still, while working according to your bodys natural clock may sound helpful, its important to remember that these times may differ from person to person. On average, people can be divided into two distinct groups: morning people tend to wake up and go to sleep earlier and to be most productive early in the day. Evening people tend to wake up later, start more slowly and peak in the evening. If being a morning or evening person has been working for you the majority of your life, it may be best to not fix whats not broken. (Dana Dovey. www.medicaldaily.com, 08.08.2016. Adaptado.) O trecho do quarto pargrafo it may be best to not fix whats not broken equivale, em portugus, seguinte ideia:

(UNESP - 2018/2 - 1 FASE) Leia o texto para responder a questo. When it comes to politics and fake news, facts arent enough The myth that vaccines cause autism has persisted, even though the facts paint an entirely different story. In todays political climate, it sometimes feels like wecant even agree on basic facts. We bombard each other with statistics and figures, hoping that more data will make a difference. A progressive person might show you the sameclimate change graphs over and over while a conservative person might point to the trillions of dollars of growing national debt. Were left wondering, Why cant they just see? Its so obvious! Certain myths are so pervasive that no matter how many experts disprove them, they only seem to grow in popularity. Theres no shortage of serious studies showing no link between autism and vaccines, for example, but these are no match for an emotional appeal to parents worried for theiryoung children. Tali Sharot, a cognitive neuroscientist at University College London, studies how our minds work and how we process new information. In her upcoming book,The Influential Mind,she explores why we ignore facts and how we can get people to actually listen to the truth. Tali shows that were open to new information but only if it confirms our existing beliefs. We find ways to ignore facts that challenge our ideals. And as neuroscientist Bahador Bahrami and colleagues have found, we weigh all opinions as equally valid, regardless of expertise. So, having the data on your side is not always enough. For better or for worse, Sharot says, emotions may be the key to changing minds. (Shankar Vedantam. www.npr.org. Adaptado.) No trecho do quarto pargrafo emotionsmaybe the key to changing minds, o termo sublinhado pode ser substitudo, sem alterao de sentido no texto, por:

(UNESP - 2018/2 - 1 FASE) O aparecimento da filosofia na Grcia no foi um fato isolado. Estava ligado ao nascimento da plis. (Marcelo Rede. A Grcia Antiga, 2012.) A relao entre os surgimentos da filosofia e da plis na Grcia Antiga explicada, entre outros fatores,

(UNESP - 2018/2 - 1 FASE) A era feudal tinha legado s sociedades que a seguiram a cavalaria, cristalizada em nobreza. [...] At nas nossas sociedades, em que morrer pela sua terra deixou de ser monoplio de uma classe ou profisso, o sentimento persistente de uma espcie de supremacia moral ligada funo do guerreiro profissional atitude to estranha a outras civilizaes, tal como a chinesa permanece uma lembrana da diviso operada, no comeo dos tempos feudais, entre o campons e o cavaleiro. (Marc Bloch.A sociedade feudal, 1987. Adaptado.) Segundo o texto, a valorizao da ao militar

(UNESP - 2018 - 2 FASE) Leia o texto para responder, em portugus, a questo. Climate change: How do we know? The Earths climate has changed throughout history. Just in the last 650,000 years there have been seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat, with the abrupt end of the last ice age about 7,000 years ago marking the beginning of the modern climate era and of human civilization. Most of these climate changes are attributed to very small variations in Earths orbit that change the amount of solar energy our planet receives. The current warming trend is of particular significance because most of it is extremely likely (greater than 95 percent probability) to be the result of human activity since the mid-20thcentury and proceeding at a rate that is unprecedented over decades to millennia. Earth-orbiting satellites and other technological advances have enabled scientists to see the big picture, collecting many different types of information about our planet and its climate on a global scale. This body of data, collected over many years, reveals the signals of a changing climate. The heat-trapping nature of carbon dioxide and other gases was demonstrated in the mid-19th century. Their ability to affect the transfer of infrared energy through the atmosphere is the scientific basis of many instruments flown by NASA. There is no question that increased levels of greenhouse gases must cause the Earth to warm in response. (https://climate.nasa.gov. Adaptado.) De acordo com o primeiro pargrafo: a) como e quando terminaram os ciclos de avanos e retrocessos glaciais? b) os antigos ciclos de mudanas climticas so atribudos a que fator? O que esse fator ocasionou?

(UNESP - 2018/2 - 1 FASE)As primeiras expedies na costa africana a partir da ocupao de Ceuta em 1415, ainda na terra de povos berberes, foram registrando a geografia, as condies de navegao e de ancoragem. Nas paradas, os portugueses negociavam com as populaes locais e sequestravam pessoas que chegavam s praias, levando-as para os navios para serem vendidas como escravas. Tal ato era justificado pelo fato de esses povos serem infiis, seguidores das leis de Maom, considerados inimigos, e portanto podiam ser escravizados, pois acreditavam ser justo guerrear com eles. Mais ao sul, alm do rio Senegal, os povos encontrados no eram islamizados, portanto no eram inimigos, mas eram pagos, ignorantes das leis de Deus, e no entender dos portugueses da poca tambm podiam ser escravizados, pois ao se converterem ao cristianismo teriam uma chance de salvar suas almas na vida alm desta. (Marina de Mello e Souza. frica e Brasil africano, 2007.) O texto caracteriza

(UNESP - 2018/2 - 2 FASE) Leia o texto para responder, em portugus, a questo Keep your head up: how smartphone addiction kills manners and moods The average human head weighs between 4.5 and 5.5 kilograms, and when we bend our neck to text or check Facebook on our smartphone, the gravitational pull on our head and the stress on our neck increases. That common position, pervasive among everyone from ordinary people to presidents, can damage the cervical spine curve. Text neck is becoming a medical issue that countless people suffer from, and the way we hang our heads has other health risks, too, according to a report published last year in The Spine Journal. Posture has been proven to affect mood, behavior and memory, and frequent slouching can make us depressed, according to the National Center for Biotechnology Information. The way we stand affects everything from the amount of energy we have to bone and muscle development, and even the amount of oxygen our lungs can take in. And the remedy can be ridiculously simple: just sit up. Some 75 percent of Americans believe their smartphone usage doesnt impact their ability to pay attention in a group setting, according to the Pew Research Center, and about a third of Americans believe that using phones in social settings actually contributes to the conversation. But does it? Etiquette experts and social scientists are adamantly united: no. That always-on behavior that smartphones contribute to causes us to remove ourselves from our reality, experts said. And aside from the health consequences, if were head down, our communication skills and manners are slumped, too. But, ironically, that might not be how most of us see ourselves. We think somehow that this antisocial behavior is not going to affect me, said Niobe Way, professor of applied psychology at New York University. Ms. Way studies technologys role in shaping adolescent development. These head-down interactions take us away from the present, no matter what group were in, she said. And its not just a youth problem. Its ingrained, learned, copied and repeated, much of it from mimicking adults. When kids see their parents head down, they emulate that action. The result is a loss of nonverbal cues, which can stunt development. (Adam Popescu. www.nytimes.com, 25.01.2018. Adaptado.) De acordo com o primeiro pargrafo: a) Como a posio de digitar ou de consultar o smartphone afeta o pescoo? Que problema essa postura pode causar? b) O que text neck e qual a sua causa?

(UNESP -2018 - 1 FASE)Leia o texto para responder s questes Em 1500, fazia oito anos que havia presena europeia no Caribe: uma primeira tentativa de colonizao que ningum na poca podia imaginar que seria o preldio da conquista e da ocidentalizao de todo um continente e at, na realidade, uma das primeiras etapas da globalizao. A aventura das ilhas foi exemplar para toda a Amrica, espanhola, inglesa ou portuguesa, pois ali se desenvolveu um roteiro que se reproduziu em vrias outras regies do continente americano: caos e esbanjamento, incompetncia e desperdcio, indiferena, massacres e epidemias. A experincia serviu pelo menos de lio coroa espanhola, que tentou praticar no resto de suas possesses americanas uma poltica mais racional de dominao e de explorao dos vencidos: a instalao de uma Igreja poderosa, dominadora e prxima dos autctones, assim como a instalao de uma rede administrativa densa e o envio de funcionrios zelosos, que evitaram a repetio da catstrofe antilhana. (Serge Gruzinski. A passagem do sculo: 1480-1520: as origens da globalizao, 1999. Adaptado.) A afirmao de que os primeiros traos da presena europeia na Amrica foram o preldio da ocidentalizao e uma das primeiras etapas da globalizao correta porque a conquista do continente americano representou

(UNESP - 2018/2 - 1 FASE)As primeiras expedies na costa africana a partir da ocupao de Ceuta em 1415, ainda na terra de povos berberes, foram registrando a geografia, as condies de navegao e de ancoragem. Nas paradas, os portugueses negociavam com as populaes locais e sequestravam pessoas que chegavam s praias, levando-as para os navios para serem vendidas como escravas. Tal ato era justificado pelo fato de esses povos serem infiis, seguidores das leis de Maom, considerados inimigos, e portanto podiam ser escravizados, pois acreditavam ser justo guerrear com eles. Mais ao sul, alm do rio Senegal, os povos encontrados no eram islamizados, portanto no eram inimigos, mas eram pagos, ignorantes das leis de Deus, e no entender dos portugueses da poca tambm podiam ser escravizados, pois ao se converterem ao cristianismo teriam uma chance de salvar suas almas na vida alm desta. (Marina de Mello e Souza.frica e Brasil africano, 2007.) De acordo com o texto,