Questões - UNESP 2016 | Gabarito e resoluções

(UNESP - 2016 - 2 fase) In one of the great tragedies of our age, indigenous traditions, stories, cultures and knowledge are winking out across the world. Whole languages and mythologies are vanishing, and in some cases even entire indigenous groups are falling into extinction. This is what makes the news that a tribe in the Amazon the Matss peoples of Brazil and Peru have created a 500-page encyclopaedia of their traditional medicine all the more remarkable. The encyclopaedia, compiled by five shamans with assistance from conservation group Acat, details every plant used by Matss medicine to cure a massive variety of ailments. The [Matss Traditional Medicine Encyclopaedia] marks the first time shamans of an Amazonian tribe have created a full and complete transcription of their medicinal knowledge written in their own language and words, said Christopher Herndon, president and co-founder of Acat. The Matss have only printed their encyclopaedia in their native language to ensure that the medicinal knowledge is not stolen by corporations or researchers as has happened in the past. Instead, the encyclopaedia is meant as a guide for training new, young shamans in the tradition and recording the living shamans knowledge before they pass. One of the most renowned elder Matss healers died before his knowledge could be passed on so the time was now. Acat and the Matss leadership decided to prioritize the Encyclopaedia before more of the elders were lost and their ancestral knowledge taken with them, said Herndon. Acat has also started a program connecting the remaining Matss shamans with young students. Through this mentorship program, the indigenous people hope to preserve their way of life as they have for centuries past. With the medicinal plant knowledge disappearing fast among most indigenous groups and no one to write it down, the true losers in the end are tragically the indigenous stakeholders themselves, said Herndon. The methodology developed by the Matss and Acat can be a template for other indigenous cultures to safeguard their ancestral knowledge. Comments: Hugh Baker Top Commenter The priority for people supporting the Matss should be to copyright the encyclopaedia in as many jurisdictions as possible, protecting both the medicinal knowledge and the biological/botanical information, species of plants, fungi, insects and animals that occur in the range of the tribe. Any pharmacological corporations wishing to capitalize on the knowledge would have to pay royalties to the Matss, and would also need to consult with the Matss in a meaningful interaction about how they intend to exploit whatever resource in which the company expresses an interest. (http://news.mongabay.com. Adaptado.) Quais as razes, segundo o texto, que levaram a tribo Matss a escrever e imprimir a Enciclopdia de Medicina Tradicional em sua prpria lngua?

(UNESP - 2016 - 1a fase)Os dirios, as memrias e as crnicas de viagens escritas por marinheiros, comerciantes, militares, missionrios e exploradores, ao lado das cartas nuticas, seriam as principais fontes de conhecimento e representao da frica dos sculos XV ao XVIII. A barbrie dos costumes, o paganismo e a violncia cotidiana foram atribudos aos africanos ao mesmo tempo em que se justificava a sua escravizao no Novo Mundo. A desumanizao de suas prticas serviria como justificativa compensatria para a coisificao dos negros e para o uso de sua fora de trabalho nas plantations da Amrica. (Regina Claro. Olhar a frica, 2012. Adaptado.) A partir do texto, correto afirmar que a dominao europeia da frica, entre os sculos XV e XVIII,

(UNESP - 2016 - 1a fase) Os dirios, as memrias e as crnicas de viagens escritas por marinheiros, comerciantes, militares, missionrios e exploradores, ao lado das cartas nuticas, seriam as principais fontes de conhecimento e representao da frica dos sculos XV ao XVIII. A barbrie dos costumes, o paganismo e a violncia cotidiana foram atribudos aos africanos ao mesmo tempo em que se justificava a sua escravizao no Novo Mundo. A desumanizao de suas prticas serviria como justificativa compensatria para a coisificao dos negros e para o uso de sua fora de trabalho nas plantations da Amrica. (Regina Claro. Olhar a frica, 2012. Adaptado.) As plantations da Amrica, citadas no texto, correspondem a

(UNESP - 2016/2 - 1a fase) Prova da barbrie e, para alguns, da natureza no humana do amerndio, a antropofagia condenava as tribos que a praticavam a sofrer pelas armas portuguesas a guerra justa. Nesse contexto, um dos autores renascentistas que escreveram sobre o Brasil, o calvinista francs Jean de Lry, morador do atual Rio de Janeiro na segunda metade da dcada de 1550 e quase vtima dos massacres do Dia de So Bartolomeu (24.08.1572), ponto alto das guerras de religio na Frana, compara a violncia dos tupinambs com a dos catlicos franceses que naquele dia fatdico trucidaram e, em alguns casos, devoraram seus compatriotas protestantes: E o que vimos na Frana (durante o So Bartolomeu)? Sou francs e pesa-me diz-lo. O fgado e o corao e outras partes do corpo de alguns indivduos no foram comidos por furiosos assassinos de que se horrorizam os infernos? No preciso ir Amrica, nem mesmo sair de nosso pas, para ver coisas to monstruosas. (Lus Felipe Alencastro. Canibalismo deu pretexto para escravizar. Folha de S.Paulo, 12.10.1991. Adaptado.) A partir do texto e de seus conhecimentos, correto afirmar que

(UNESP - 2016 - 2 fase) In one of the great tragedies of our age, indigenous traditions, stories, cultures and knowledge are winking out across the world. Whole languages and mythologies are vanishing, and in some cases even entire indigenous groups are falling into extinction. This is what makes the news that a tribe in the Amazon the Matss peoples of Brazil and Peru have created a 500-page encyclopaedia of their traditional medicine all the more remarkable. The encyclopaedia, compiled by five shamans with assistance from conservation group Acat, details every plant used by Matss medicine to cure a massive variety of ailments. The [Matss Traditional Medicine Encyclopaedia] marks the first time shamans of an Amazonian tribe have created a full and complete transcription of their medicinal knowledge written in their own language and words, said Christopher Herndon, president and co-founder of Acat. The Matss have only printed their encyclopaedia in their native language to ensure that the medicinal knowledge is not stolen by corporations or researchers as has happened in the past. Instead, the encyclopaedia is meant as a guide for training new, young shamans in the tradition and recording the living shamans knowledge before they pass. One of the most renowned elder Matss healers died before his knowledge could be passed on so the time was now. Acat and the Matss leadership decided to prioritize the Encyclopaedia before more of the elders were lost and their ancestral knowledge taken with them, said Herndon. Acat has also started a program connecting the remaining Matss shamans with young students. Through this mentorship program, the indigenous people hope to preserve their way of life as they have for centuries past. With the medicinal plant knowledge disappearing fast among most indigenous groups and no one to write it down, the true losers in the end are tragically the indigenous stakeholders themselves, said Herndon. The methodology developed by the Matss and Acat can be a template for other indigenous cultures to safeguard their ancestral knowledge. Comments: Hugh Baker Top Commenter The priority for people supporting the Matss should be to copyright the encyclopaedia in as many jurisdictions as possible, protecting both the medicinal knowledge and the biological/botanical information, species of plants, fungi, insects and animals that occur in the range of the tribe. Any pharmacological corporations wishing to capitalize on the knowledge would have to pay royalties to the Matss, and would also need to consult with the Matss in a meaningful interaction about how they intend to exploit whatever resource in which the company expresses an interest. (http://news.mongabay.com. Adaptado.) O que motivou o grupo ambientalista Acat e os cinco pajs a organizarem a Enciclopdia de Medicina Tradicional da tribo Matss?

(UNESP - 2016 - 2 fase) In one of the great tragedies of our age, indigenous traditions, stories, cultures and knowledge are winking out across the world. Whole languages and mythologies are vanishing, and in some cases even entire indigenous groups are falling into extinction. This is what makes the news that a tribe in the Amazon the Matss peoples of Brazil and Peru have created a 500-page encyclopaedia of their traditional medicine all the more remarkable. The encyclopaedia, compiled by five shamans with assistance from conservation group Acat, details every plant used by Matss medicine to cure a massive variety of ailments. The [Matss Traditional Medicine Encyclopaedia] marks the first time shamans of an Amazonian tribe have created a full and complete transcription of their medicinal knowledge written in their own language and words, said Christopher Herndon, president and co-founder of Acat. The Matss have only printed their encyclopaedia in their native language to ensure that the medicinal knowledge is not stolen by corporations or researchers as has happened in the past. Instead, the encyclopaedia is meant as a guide for training new, young shamans in the tradition and recording the living shamans knowledge before they pass. One of the most renowned elder Matss healers died before his knowledge could be passed on so the time was now. Acat and the Matss leadership decided to prioritize the Encyclopaedia before more of the elders were lost and their ancestral knowledge taken with them, said Herndon. Acat has also started a program connecting the remaining Matss shamans with young students. Through this mentorship program, the indigenous people hope to preserve their way of life as they have for centuries past. With the medicinal plant knowledge disappearing fast among most indigenous groups and no one to write it down, the true losers in the end are tragically the indigenous stakeholders themselves, said Herndon. The methodology developed by the Matss and Acat can be a template for other indigenous cultures to safeguard their ancestral knowledge. Comments: Hugh Baker Top Commenter The priority for people supporting the Matss should be to copyright the encyclopaedia in as many jurisdictions as possible, protecting both the medicinal knowledge and the biological/botanical information, species of plants, fungi, insects and animals that occur in the range of the tribe. Any pharmacological corporations wishing to capitalize on the knowledge would have to pay royalties to the Matss, and would also need to consult with the Matss in a meaningful interaction about how they intend to exploit whatever resource in which the company expresses an interest. (http://news.mongabay.com. Adaptado.) Quais as sugestes apresentadas por Hugh Baker em seu comentrio ao texto?

(UNESP - 2016 - 1a fase) A diviso capitalista do trabalho caracterizada pelo clebre exemplo da manufatura de alfinetes, analisada por Adam Smith foi adotada no pela sua superioridade tecnolgica, mas porque garantia ao empresrio um papel essencial no processo de produo: o de coordenador que, combinando os esforos separados dos seus operrios, obtm um produto mercante. (Stephen Marglin. In: Andr Gorz (org.). Crtica da diviso do trabalho, 1980.) Ao analisar o surgimento do sistema de fbrica, o texto destaca

(UNESP - 2016/2 - 1a fase) Prova da barbrie e, para alguns, da natureza no humana do amerndio, a antropofagia condenava as tribos que a praticavam a sofrer pelas armas portuguesas a guerra justa. Nesse contexto, um dos autores renascentistas que escreveram sobre o Brasil, o calvinista francs Jean de Lry, morador do atual Rio de Janeiro na segunda metade da dcada de 1550 e quase vtima dos massacres do Dia de So Bartolomeu (24.08.1572), ponto alto das guerras de religio na Frana, compara a violncia dos tupinambs com a dos catlicos franceses que naquele dia fatdico trucidaram e, em alguns casos, devoraram seus compatriotas protestantes: E o que vimos na Frana (durante o So Bartolomeu)? Sou francs e pesa-me diz-lo. O fgado e o corao e outras partes do corpo de alguns indivduos no foram comidos por furiosos assassinos de que se horrorizam os infernos? No preciso ir Amrica, nem mesmo sair de nosso pas, para ver coisas to monstruosas. (Lus Felipe Alencastro. Canibalismo deu pretexto para escravizar. Folha de S.Paulo, 12.10.1991. Adaptado.) O conceito de guerra justa foi empregado, durante a colonizao portuguesa do Brasil, para

(UNESP - 2016 - 1a fase) O fato de ser a nica monarquia na Amrica levou os governantes do Imprio a apontarem o Brasil como um solitrio no continente, cercado de potenciais inimigos. Temia-se o surgimento de uma grande repblica liderada por Buenos Aires, que poderia vir a ser um centro de atrao sobre o problemtico Rio Grande do Sul e o isolado Mato Grosso. Para o Imprio, a melhor garantia de que a Argentina no se tornaria uma ameaa concreta estava no fato de Paraguai e Uruguai serem pases independentes, com governos livres da influncia argentina. (Francisco Doratioto. A Guerra do Paraguai, 1991.) Segundo o texto, uma das preocupaes da poltica externa brasileira para a regio do Rio da Prata, durante o Segundo Reinado, era

(UNESP - 2016/2 - 1a fase) A condio essencial da existncia e da supremacia da classe burguesa a acumulao da riqueza nas mos dos particulares, a formao e o crescimento do capital; a condio de existncia do capital o trabalho assalariado. [...] O desenvolvimento da grande indstria socava o terreno em que a burguesia assentou o seu regime de produo e de apropriao dos produtos. A burguesia produz, sobretudo, seus prprios coveiros. Sua queda e a vitria do proletariado so igualmente inevitveis. (Karl Marx e Friedrich Engels. Manifesto Comunista. Obras escolhidas, vol. 1, s/d.) Entre as caractersticas do pensamento marxista, correto citar

(UNESP - 2016/2 - 1a fase) Os colonos que emigram, recebendo dinheiro adiantado, tornam-se, pois, desde o comeo, uma simples propriedade de Vergueiro Cia. E em virtude do esprito de ganncia, para no dizer mais, que anima numerosos senhores de escravos, e tambm da ausncia de direitos em que costumam viver esses colonos na provncia de So Paulo, s lhes resta conformarem-se com a ideia de que so tratados como simples mercadorias ou como escravos. (Thomas Davatz. Memrias de um colono no Brasil (1850), 1941.) O texto aponta problemas enfrentados por imigrantes europeus que vieram ao Brasil para

(UNESP - 2016 - 1a fase) Enquanto os franceses e os britnicos tinham emergido da Primeira Guerra Mundial com um profundo trauma dos horrores da guerra e a convico de que um novo conflito deveria, se possvel, ser evitado, na Alemanha s ocorreria algo parecido depois da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Os acontecimentos de 1945 levaram a uma profunda mudana na cultura popular e poltica da parte ocidental da Alemanha. Aos olhos desses alemes, a extrema violncia de 1945 fez da Segunda Guerra Mundial a guerra para acabar com todas as guerras. (Richard Bessel. Alemanha, 1945, 2010. Adaptado.) Entre os fatos que poderiam confirmar a interpretao, oferecida pelo texto, sobre a atitude de franceses e britnicos depois da Primeira Guerra Mundial, pode-se incluir

(UNESP - 2016/2 - 1a fase) A chamada crise do Encilhamento, no final do sculo XIX, foi provocada

(UNESP - 2016 - 1a fase) Enquanto os franceses e os britnicos tinham emergido da Primeira Guerra Mundial com um profundo trauma dos horrores da guerra e a convico de que um novo conflito deveria, se possvel, ser evitado, na Alemanha s ocorreria algo parecido depois da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Os acontecimentos de 1945 levaram a uma profunda mudana na cultura popular e poltica da parte ocidental da Alemanha. Aos olhos desses alemes, a extrema violncia de 1945 fez da Segunda Guerra Mundial a guerra para acabar com todas as guerras. (Richard Bessel. Alemanha, 1945, 2010. Adaptado.) A mudana de mentalidade na Alemanha ocidental, ocorrida, segundo o texto, ao final da Segunda Guerra Mundial, envolveu, entre outros fatores,

(UNESP - 2016 - 1a fase) Em maro de 1988, o modelo sindical levado por Lindolfo Collor para o Ministrio do Trabalho completou 57 anos de idade. Em todos estes anos foi olhado com suspeita pelos empresrios e com bastante desconfiana pelos grupos socialistas, comunistas e pela esquerda em geral. Atribua-se sua criao, na dcada de 30, influncia das doutrinas autoritrias e fascistas ento na moda. (Letcia Bicalho Cando. A classe operria vai ao sindicato, 1988.) Entre as caractersticas do modelo citado no texto, sobressaam